- 學位論文
心理表徵、心智理論與歸因偏誤對被害意念之影響
The effect of Mental Representation, Theory of Mind and Attribution Bias on the Paranoid Ideation
摘要
摘要 研究目的與背景：在思覺失調症的症狀的心理病理學研究中，被害妄想症狀為大宗。對於被害妄想或被害意念的形成模式，仍未有定論。主要有兩個觀點，其中一個為Bentall等人提出的歸因-自我表徵模式。當中認為具被害妄想的個體為了，避免負向的自我表徵被觸及，會以誇大的自利性偏誤作為防衛機制。另一個則為Freeman提出的威脅預期模式，此模式認為具被害意念的個體會認為外界與他人對於自己具有威脅，導致產生負向情緒，進而產生對於他人的負向態度與表徵。因此本研究以認知能力影響認知偏誤進而導致症狀產生的基礎上，並參考上述兩個模式，希望可以藉此了解負向心理表徵與歸因偏誤如何影響被害意念的生成。並且嘗試分為兩條路徑。一條為負向自我表徵、外向性偏誤與被害意念，另一條為負向他人表徵、個人化偏誤與被害意念，試圖了解此兩條路徑對於被害意念的影響。此外，在上述模式中，雖有提到心智理論能力與被害意念具有關聯，但未釐清心智理論與被害意念的關係，故本研究加入心智理論，以了解心智理論在被害意念行程中的角色。 研究方法：本研究召募學生受試者，受試者必須完成基本資料調查問卷、Green被害妄想量表、貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版、簡短核心基模量表、中文內在和他人與環境歸因量表-修訂版、錯誤信念作業與眼部辨識作業。總共收取96名有效受試者，其中有4名受試者因眼部辨識作業控制分數低於標準，故刪除在此測驗的分數。 研究結果：將受試者依Green被害妄想量表的被害意念分量表分數分為三組，進行單因子變異數分析，發現受試者在負向心理表徵、貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版與歸因偏誤上皆有顯著差異。在相關分析中發現Green被害妄想量表的被害意念分量表分數與貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版、負向心理表徵與個人化偏誤相關皆達顯著正相關；與心智理論能力和外向性歸因偏誤皆達顯著負相關。在中介分析中，發現負向自我表徵預測憂鬱的關係中，外向性歸因偏誤有部份中介效果。在路徑分析中，發現負向自我表徵可預測外向性偏誤與憂鬱，負向他人、心智理論能力與憂鬱可預測被害意念。 結論：本研究雖未驗證假設中，被害意念形成的方式，但發現負向自我表徵透過外向性偏誤與憂鬱影響被害意念。此外，雖無法釐清負向他人表徵、個人化偏誤與心智理論能力，三者之間預測被害意念關係，但可以發現心智理論能力與負向他人表徵的關聯，和個人化偏誤與被害意念嚴重程度的關聯。上述的兩條路徑，由獨立的方式影響被害意念的生成與嚴重程度。
並列摘要
ABSTRACT Background and purpose. In the psychopathological study of the symptoms of schizophrenia, the persecutory delusions are important. There is no conclusion on the formation pattern of persecutory delusions. There are two theory, one of which is the attribution self-representation proposed by Bentall, in which the individual with the persecutory delusion is considered to avoid the negative self-representation and an extreme self-serving bias is used as the defense mechanism. The other is the threat anticipation cognitive model of persecutory delusions by Freeman, in which individuals with paranoid ideations think that the world and others are threatening themselves, leading to negative emotions, and then generating negative attitudes and representation to others. Therefore, the study builds on the basis that cognitive ability influence cognitive bias and leads to the symptoms, and refers to the above two modes, and with reference to the above two models, it can be used to understand how negative representation and attribution bias influence the paranoid ideation. This study attempts to split into two paths. One is a negative self- representation, external bias and paranoid ideation. The other is a negative other- representation, personal bias and paranoid ideation. The study try to understand the effect of these two paths on the paranoid ideation. In addition, the relationship between theory of mind and paranoid ideation was not clarified in the above model. Therefore, this study added the theory of mind to understand the role of the theory of mind in the formation of the paranoid ideation. Method. This study recruits student participants. Subjects were required to complete the Basic Information Questionnaire, Green et al.Paranoid Scales(GPTS), Beck Depression Inventory-II(BDI-II), Brief Core Schema Scales(BCSS),Chinese Internal, Personal and Situational Attribution Questionnaire(CIPSAQ), Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test Revised(RMET). A total of 96 effective subjects were recruited. Result. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the scores of the paranoid ideation scale of GPTS. Single factor analysis of variance was performed. It was found that the subjects had significant differences in negative mental symptoms, BDI and attribution bias. One-way ANOVA found that subjects had significant differences in negative representation, BDI, and attribution bias. In the correlation analysis, it was found that the scores of the paranoid ideation scale of GPTS were significantly positively correlated with BDI, negative representation, and personal bias; and both the theory of mind and the external bias were significantly negatively correlated. In path analysis, it was found that negative self-representation can predict external bias and depression, negative other-representation, ToM and depression predictable paranoid ideation. Discussion. Although this study didn’t verify the hypothesis, the way in which the paranoid ideation was formed, it was found that negative self- representation influenced the paranoid ideation through the external bias and depression. In addition, although the relationship between negative representation, personal bias, and theory of mind are not clarified, the relationship between the mental prediction ability and the negative representation can be found. However, it can be found that the connection between ToM and negative other-representation and the personal bias and the severity of the paranoid ideation. The two paths affect the generation and severity of the paranoid ideation in an independent manner.