道家思想的心靈觀與心理健康觀的初步實徵性研究

The Noological and Mental-Health Views of Taoist Thought: A Preliminary Empirical Study

何英奇(Ying-Chyi Ho)

《教育心理學報》 23期 (1990/06) Pp. 159-187

https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19900601.8

摘要

本研究以大專學生831名為對象，首先從心靈(noological)層次，在理論與實徵上，探討道家思想與Frankl意義治療理論的關聯；其次從西方觀點，探討道家的心理健康觀念。本研究先編製「道家思想量表」，共包括無為、知足、無欲、順應自然、謙下、自在等六因素。此六個因素可再抽出三個高層因素：玄德、知足自在、謙下。本研究的主要發現如下：
一、道家思想量表具有適當的信度與效度。
二、女生比男生較抱持「知足」、「無欲」、「順應自然」等態度；而男生比女生較抱持「自在」態度。大專學生的思想不以道家為中心。
三、道家思想的「知足自在」、「玄德」概念分別與意義治療理論諸概念呈正、負的相關，表示二種思想概念間具有異同之處。
四、道家思想的「知足自在」概念與消極性、積極性心理健康呈正相關，而其「玄德」概念與積極性心理健康呈負相關。其不同之處似反映出道家的心理健康概念較著重在生死解脫(soteriological)層次，而與本研究所採用的西方心理健康量表只著重在病狀消除、社會適應、積極進取等層次有所不同。
根據上述研究發現，本研究提出二點建議供參考：一、未來類似研究的改進，二、建立中國本位諮商理論模式時，道家思想有何啓示。

並列摘要

From the noological dimension, the relations of Taoism to V. Frankl’s logotherapy theory is investigated in this study. Subjects are 831 students from universities and junior colleges. Further, the mental health concepts of Taoism are compared with those of western thought.
The Taoist Schie, based on Laotze's thought, was designed by this author. It consists of 6 factors: Wu wei (non-effort), Contentedness, No-desire, Nature-adaptness, Humility, and Carefree. These 6 factors compose 3 higher order factors: Supreme Teh, Contentedness-and-carefree, and Humility. The findings are as follows:
1. The Taoist Scale has relevent reliability and validity.
2. Females have stronger attitude toward ”contentedness, no-desire, and nature-adaptness” than males, whereas attitude toward ”carefree” is in the reverse. Taoism is not central to the students, however.
3. There exists positive and negative relations between the concepts of Taoism and those of logotherapy theory. The similarity and diversity between these two thoughts are clarified.
4. The ”contentedness-and-carefree” element of Taoism has contributed to mental health. Further, there exists a negtive relationship between the attitude of Taoism's ”supreme Teh” and positive indicators of western mental health. The difference in clarified in terms of different level of mental health focused by Taoism and western thought. The former focuses on soteriological, and the latter focuses on pathological reduction and existential levels.
Based on previous findings, two recommendations for the further research and the establishment of a Chinese counseling model are suggested.