論馬克思的“意識形態”

On Marx's "Ideology"

于治中(Chih-Chung Yu)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 23期 (1996/07) Pp. 183-218

https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.199607.0005

摘要

本文的主旨在於分析馬克思“意識形態”問題架構的可能性條件為何，以及其限制所在。指出“意識形態”受到“現實”概念所具有的雙重意義（具體的個人活動與自主的物質結構）制約下，遊走於“顚倒”與“反映”兩者之間。此一結構性矛盾，不僅內在於認識論的層次（即錯誤意識的問題），也存在於政治實踐的層次（即主導權意識形態的問題），解釋了“意識形態”一詞在馬克思晚期作品中消失與“商品拜物教”理論的出現。
經由商品的交換過程，以“價值”概念為基礎的新問題架構，不但具體地闡示“顚倒”根本上是位於“現實”之中，意識為商品所中介的產物，更揭露了此一過程“從後思索”的特色，批判同時又補充了阿杜塞“認識論斷裂”的概念。

關鍵字

意識形態 ； 馬克思 ； 商品拜物教 ； 顚倒 ； 反映 ； 價值

並列摘要

This paper proposes to analyse what are the conditions of possibilities and the epistemic limits of the problematic of ideology in Marx. It indicates that ”ideology” is conditioned by the ambiguous concept of ”reality” which has double meanings (the concrete activities of individual and autonomous material structure), and therefore in turn swings between ”inversion” and ”reflection”. This structural contradiction existing not only at epistemological level (the problem of false consciousness), but also at the level of political practice (the problem of dominant ideology), explains why the disappearence of the term-ideology-in Marx's later work and the energence of the theory of ”fetishism”.
Through the process of commodity exchange, the new problematic of ”value” manifests concretely the existence of ”inversion” in ”reality” itself and the production of consciousness by the mediation of commodity. Finally, this paper argues that Marx's ”thinking post festum”, generated by the process of commodity exchange, can be used to criticize and at the same time supplement Althusser's concept of ”epistemological break”.

並列關鍵字

ideology ； Marx ； fetishism ； inversion ； reflection ； value