生命歷程研究對社會政策效果的探討

The Life-Course Research into the Impact of Social Policy

施世駿(Shih-Jiun Shi)

《社會政策與社會工作學刊》 6卷1期 (2002/06) Pp. 101-157

摘要

本文從近來德國的調控理論對福利國家政策效果的反省，指出隨著社會關係的日益複雜，國家必須體認到其功能的侷限，以及社會政策效果的不確定性。因此，關鍵在於國家對於社會變遷的觀察能力必須相對應地提升，並且掌握社會政策可能引起的社會性效果。這方面的分析可以應用社會學研究中的生命歷程典範。生命歷程研究強調福利國家對於個人生命歷程的形塑效果：一方面國家以行政力量爲社會成員劃出了生命歷程中重要階段的年齡界線，從而規劃了這些成員進出特定社會領域的時間表；另一方面，在這種制度規劃下，一個可預見的時間界域浮現於個人意識中，更強化了制度設計的正當性。生命歷程的制度化不但是福利制度的實施前提，更成爲實施該制度的必然結果。但是，生命歷程形態的變遷對社會政策同樣也有深遠的影響，從而使原本的福利國家制度安排發生問題。因此，社會政策的實行有必要同時評估其對個人生命歷程的影響，藉此瞭解政策的實際和可能效果，作爲後續政策制定的參考。

關鍵字

福利國家 ； 國家調控 ； 政策效果 ； 生命歷程

並列摘要

This article reviews the reflection of the Guidance Theory upon the impact of social policy on the society and examines its implications for the social policy research in Taiwan. The Guidance Theory stresses that the state has to be aware of the limit and ambivalence of its social policy. The key issue is the ability of the state to perceive social change and realize possible outcomes of its social policy. The life-course research, which is widely applied in recent decades, can be utilized in such analyses. This approach emphasizes the molding effect of the welfare state on the individual life courses: on the one hand, the state marks for its society members age lines of critical phases in their life courses, setting up a time table for the entry and exit of the labor market; on the other hand, a foreseeable time horizon emerges in the consciousness of individuals under such institutional regulations, which in turn justifies the raison d'etre of such institutional design. The institutionalization of the life course is not only the premise of welfare programs but also their necessary outcome. Yet the change of life course patterns have equal influences on the social policy, posing new problems to the original welfare arrangements. It is thus essential for researchers to assess the impact of social policy on the individual life courses as a reference for future policy-making.

並列關鍵字

welfare state ； state guidance ； policy effect ； life course

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