黃州詩景－張耒的地方表述與遷謫意識

如同蘇軾在黃州的居遊為宋人所樂道，張耒的黃州詩也喚起了宋人對黃州這一地方的情感與想像。然而，與前人迥異，張耒詩卻展現了前所未有的地方感，顯現其遷謫意識。具體而言，張耒詩中所描寫的黃州，意味著「非吾土」的南方，北方的城市映像與荒山野水的現實，相互對立、激盪，致使黃州始終缺乏魅力，成為召喚鄉心與仕宦記憶的異地。而在謫宦鄉思的詩作主題，張耒有別於唐人的書寫慣例，表現了懷歸而不悲的特徵，別具價值；經由對汴京、汝州的地方追憶，張耒也確立了自我不屈從政治際遇的獨立價值。其次，黃州的自然天候與地景，在張耒詩中是不懷好意、威脅的存在，展現出惡地的性格，而這不只是實景的感受，更是政治處境的隱喻。張耒則視之為君子堅守吾道的考驗，安之若素，從中表現了遯世無悶，沉默卻不屈服的精神姿態。最後，張耒以對自然景觀的詮釋，來寄寓他傲岸不屈的政治心志，柯山及東園遂成為一個充滿契機，呈顯自我存在價值的自然場域。可以如此理解，從北宋詩的發展看來，黃州作為惡地的地理個性、洋溢著政治觀照的地方表述，因為張耒的到來而更顯深刻、豐富；而張耒對黃州的地方觀看，也是其詩作中最獨特的展現，映現出元祐詩人處於黨禍而不易其守的內心圖景。

關鍵字

張耒；黃州；地方；遷謫

並列摘要

Just like Su Shi's (蘇軾) poetry, the description and experience of Huangzhou (黃州) in Zhang Lei's (張耒) poetry also arouse reader's imagination and emotion. However, different unprecedented and different with other poets, Zhang Lei expressed a sense of place and revealed the consciousness of political banishment in his poetry. Specifically speaking, located at the south, Huangzhou always reminded him of the north. For Zhang Lei, Huangzhou is a place lacking attraction. In Huangzhou, constantly recalled his hometown and past political experience. These reminiscences were distinct from those of the poets of the Tang dynasty, Zhang Lei showed the poets characteristics of sublation and sorrow in the Song dynasty. Through the memories of the capital Bianjing (汴京) and ZuZhou (汝州) , Zhang Lei established his personality of political independence. Of his experience of residence, Huangzhou, a malicious place, was full of threat. The powerful nature threatened his world and sense. At the same time, the natural scenery and climate also symbolized his political situation. Because of his participation, Huangzhou no longer was only a land of punishment but also became a personalized space. In his daily life, Zhang Lei chose Ke Shan (柯山) to affirm the self-value and showed his firm faith. Moreover, the East Garden (東園) became a corner of hope to nourish his rational thought. Therefore, Huangzhou showed the most profound characteristics of a land of punishment because of Zhang Lei's arrival. Furthermore having these rich significances, Huangzhou became a place of culture. Through the description of the place, we may understand Zhang Lei's innermost mood and his creation in the old age in Huangzhou.