北管細曲所見之南詞類曲目初探

北管細曲，依樂曲來源可被區分成大小牌、小曲、崑腔幾類。在目前已知的細曲研究或曲譜中，原本被歸於小曲一類的幾首樂曲，像【小南詞】、【紹詩詞】、【鷓鴣天】、【普天同樂】、【丹桂飄香】等，在曲調上明顯有部份相同，而這些旋律亦出現在北管扮仙中的〈南詞天官〉、〈南詞三仙會〉等冠有「南詞」二字的戲齣當中。透過曲調比對，發現這類樂曲與分佈於中國大陸東南地區的南詞或灘簧有著密切關係。就離臺灣較近的福建所流傳的曲譜而言，當地的南詞曲調分屬於【正韵】與【別調】（或稱北調）兩類，但臺灣北管至今只見其中的【正韵】一類，而【正韵】的基本型態是由八句組成。北管所見的南詞音樂，除了以【正韵】八句的基本型態出現外，在細曲中之南詞曲目，則多摘取【正韵】基本型之部份來進行變化而成。透過本文探討，作者認為可將北管細曲中所見的南詞曲目，自原本所屬的小曲一類抽離，而成為北管清唱歌樂「細曲」分類下，另一個與大小牌、崑腔、小曲並列的不同來源之系統。

關鍵字

北管；細曲；南詞；小曲；正韵

並列摘要

According to the sources, beiguan refined songs can be divided into three sub-categories: daxiaopai (the large and small labeled tunes), xiaoqu (small tunes), and kunqiang (tunes derived from kunqu). There are some common melodies shown in several xiaoqu pieces, such as ”xiaonanci” (小南詞), ”shaoshici” (紹詩詞), ”zhegutian” (鷓鴣天), ”putian tonle” (普天同樂), and ”dangui piaoxiang” (丹桂飄香). These melodies also can be found in beiguan banxianxi (ritual plays) such as ”nanci tianguan” (南詞天官) and ”nanci sanxianhui” (南詞三仙會) which titles are prefixed with a Chinese term ”nanci” (南詞). By comparing the melodies of nanci music in beiguan with the nanci or tanhuang (灘簧) in southeastern China, it is clear that they are closely related to each other. Of the melodies of nanci in Fujian, southern China, they belong to two origins: zhengyun (正韵) and bietiao (別調). However, only the zhengyun tunes can be found in beiguan. Basically, each zhengyun tune consists of eight phrases. In addition to the eight-phrased form, most of the nanci tunes in beiguan refined songs are composed by several phrases selected from the eight-phrased zhengyun and their variations. Therefore, the author proposes that the nanci in beiguan refined songs should be derived from its original xiaoqu category to be a category of beiguan refined songs paralleled to the daxiaopai, xiaoqu, and kunqiang.