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覃談有別與現代方言

Comparative Studies in the Rhymes Tam/Tam among Modern Chinese Dialects

摘要


以《切韻》爲代表的中古音有「重韻」的現象。所謂重韻,指的是同攝同一等第有兩個或兩個以上反切不相系聯的類。本文主要以咸攝一等重韻覃談爲參照點,盱衡現代漢語方言的音韻分合情況,並嘗試利用覃談分合的情況來給漢語方言分類。本文討論的次序如下:1.根據漢語文獻材料,指出覃談二韻在唐初是南人能分,北人已混的音韻現象。換句話說,覃談分混在唐初是一項可以區分南北方言的音韻條件。2.運用歷史比較方法,列出現代吳、贛、湘、粵、客、官話諸方言的覃談二韻比較字表,同時注意到覃談二韻在結構類型上的差異,進而一一歸納各方言呈現出的覃談分混類型。本文分析的結果是:吳、贛、湘屬於覃談有別的方言,粵、客、官話屬鈴覃談不分的方言。3.《切韻》的音韻系統本身涵括了六朝時期南北不同的音系,北方是河北方言,南方是江東方言。將這個事實與現代方官覃談二韻的表現結合起來,我們認爲覃談分混提供了我們區分現代方言的條件。現代方言裡,覃談有別的吳、贛、湘方言具有江東方言的層次;而覃談不分的粵、客、官話則具有河北方言的層次。4.運用歷史性的音韻條件來給方言分類,則這樣分出來的類可以呈現各方言間的親疏遠近,並能進一步利用適當的現代方言材料,將六期時的古方言(如古江東方言、古河北方言)擬測出來。本文討論的覃談分混,正具有這樣的效力。

並列摘要


Generally speaking, Ancient Chinese preserves the distinction of Chung-yun (重韻), such as the rhymes Tam: Tam (覃:談), Hai: Tai (咍:泰). This paper is intended as a investigation of the appearance of the rhymes Tam/Tam among modem Chinese dialects. The paper falls into three section. (1) Considering the rhymes Tam: Tam as the reference, we may examine the phenomena of these modem Chinese dialects with comparative method. (2) According to these differences, we may classify all of these Chinese dialects by the criterion of the rhymes Tam/Tam. (3) From what has been said above, modem Chinese dialects can be classified into two groups, which one is Tam: Tam, such as Wu dialects, Gan dialects, Xiang dialects, and the other is Tam=Tam, such as Hakka dialects, Yue dialects, Mandarin dialects.

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