閩西客語音韻的保守與創新

Phonological Retentions and Innovations in Western Fujian Hakka Dialects

江敏華(Min-Hua Chiang)

《聲韻論叢》 13期 (2004/04) Pp. 251-270

https://doi.org/10.29753/CP.200404.0010

摘要

本文探討閩西客家話在歷史上的若干音韻變化，主要是利用方言比較來判斷音韻特徵的存古或創新。聲母方面，客家話精莊與知章分立的類型爲保守，合流則是創新；精、莊聲母相同則是保留古代「精莊同源」的音韻格局。韻母方面，閩西客家話大體上比廣東客家話演變劇烈，然創新中亦有保守，如部分方言咸攝一、二等見系字有別，以及遇攝具有魚虞有別的層次。此外，本文並以實例說明語音演變如何對方言的音韻格局發生作用，並進而產生方言差異。結論有三：一、某一音韻特徵上相對保守的方言，在其他音韻特徵上可能相對創新。二、在某一項特徵上相對保守的方言可以和創新的方言再共享同一項創新，前提是這兩項創新沒有必然的蘊涵關係。三、某一階段音值上細微的變化，可以爲下一階段的創新提供語音條件，而改變方言的音韻系統。

關鍵字

客家話 ； 閩西客家話 ； 漢語方言 ； 漢語音韻

並列摘要

This paper discusses some phonological changes in western Fujian Hakka dialects. We rely mainly on the comparative method rather than the Rhyme Book to determine whether each phonological characteristic discussed is innovations or retentions. In the initial system, the type which Zhi and Zhang (知章) group initials contract with Jing and Zhuang (精荘) group is the retention, while the type which two groups do not contract is innovation. We also argue that the fact that Jing and Zhuang group initials do not contract reflects part of the archaic phonological system. As for the rhyme system, broadly speaking, there are more phonological changes, i.e. more innovations in western Fujian Hakka dialects than in KuangTung Hakka dialects. But this is not necessarily so for all the cases. For example, some Fujian Hakka dialects contract Grade I with Grade II of the Xian (咸) rhyme group, which seems more retentive than KuangTung Hakka dialects.

並列關鍵字

Hakka dialects ； Hakka in Western Fujian ； Chinese phonology ； Chinese dialects