清帝國的邊疆治理及其土地制度：以新竹頭前溪中上游地區為例（1790-1895）

Frontier Governance and Land Development of the Qing Empire： A Case Study in Hsin-Chu Area of Mid-upper Course of Tou-Cian River, 1790-1895

陳志豪(Chih-Hao Chen)

指導教授 ： 李文良

國立臺灣大學/文學院/歷史學研究所/博士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2012.00920

摘要

十八世紀末臺灣爆發的林爽文事件，一般只被視為社會內部的大規模動亂。但是，這場動亂卻與清帝國在新疆、四川北部等地的對外戰役，合稱為乾隆皇帝的「十全武功」，顯然林爽文事件的結束對於清帝國來說不只是平定動亂，而是帝國解決邊疆問題的一個里程碑。從這點來想，清帝國在動亂結束後收編界外私墾的動作，其實可以看成是清帝國對外擴張的縮影；動亂結束以後的土地開發，也可以看成是清帝國治理邊疆的縮影。
目前對於清帝國及其邊疆地區的相關研究，大多著重在朝廷中央對於政策的規劃。但是，中國向來有句俗諺：「上有政策，下有對策」，如果我們僅僅了解朝廷中央做出來的政策內容，而不去看地方的因應對策，便只能從朝廷立場來衡量治理策略的表面成效，無法具體了解歷史的真實面貌。因此，本文認為要了解清帝國對於邊疆地區的治理，必須透過區域研究的方式，深入考察政策施行以後地方社會的因應過程，才能更進一步理解清帝國的治理策略及其影響。
由於清帝國在林爽文事件後，主要以「番屯制度」與「隘墾制度」作為控制界外私墾的策略，所以本文將探討地方社會如何在這兩套土地制度的架構底下進行土地開發。本文選擇的研究區域，是新竹頭前溪中上游流域，在清代稱為九芎林莊與合興莊的區域，約今日新竹縣芎林鄉至橫山鄉的範圍。其中，九芎林莊原為番界之外的禁墾區域，林爽文事件結束後被編入了「番屯制度」的開墾區域。至於合興莊則是十九世紀初「隘墾制度」成形後，由九芎林莊向外再延伸出來的墾莊。所以，這個區域開發的過程，正好牽涉到清帝國逐步收編界外地區的歷史過程。
通過上述區域的考察，本文將指出十八世紀末施行的番屯制度與隘墾制度，表面上是為了更進一步控制界外地區的秩序，不讓臺灣島上的漢人過度向外擴張，與「生番」（原住民）產生更多的爭端與衝突。但是，土地制度實質的運作過程，卻往往讓更多隱晦的私墾活動，逐步被吸納至帝國的制度底下，並成為帝國疆域的一部分。這樣的歷史過程，正好反映清帝國為了控制邊疆而發展出來的土地制度，其實是使得清帝國的邊界變得更加模糊，然後逐漸向外擴張出去。這同時也意味著，十八世紀末以後清帝國疆域的變化，不一定是以軍事或文化作為核心向外擴張；在臺灣，柔軟而具有彈性的土地制度，才是清帝國不斷吸納邊疆地區的主要因素。

關鍵字

番屯制度 ； 隘墾制度 ； 新竹 ； 頭前溪 ； 九芎林 ； 合興莊

並列摘要

Lin Shuang-wen incident in Taiwan, happened in the late eighteenth century, is generally regarded as large-scale upheaval within society. Nonetheless, this upheaval, along with with the external campaigns between the Qing Empire and Xinjiang, northern Sichuan and other places, was known as Qianlong Emperor’s “Ten Great Campaigns.” It is clear to the end of Lin Shuang-wen incident is not just pacifying an unrest for the Qing Dynasty, but a milestone for solving the problems on the border. From this perspective, the action of the Qing Dynasty incorporating the illegal cultivation after the turmoil is in fact can be seen as a microcosm of the external expansion of the Qing Dynasty; while the land development after the turmoil can be seen as a microcosm of the frontier governing of the empire.
Most of the relevant researches and studies on the empire and its frontier areas focus on the policy planning of the imperial court. However, there is an old Chinese saying: “Shang yǒu zhengce, xia yǒu duice (meaning the higher ups have policies while the lower downs have their own ways of getting around them)”; if we only understand the policy made by the imperial court without looking at the local’s response strategies, then we could merely measure the effectiveness of governance strategy on the surface through the perspective of imperial court, and cannot specifically understand the true face of history. Consequently, I believe that only through the method of regional research could we understand the governess of border areas. Deeply study the response process of local society after the execution of the policy, in order to further understand the governance strategy of the Qing Dynasty and its impact.
After the Lin Shuang-wen incident, the empire mainly applied aborigine military colonies system (番屯制度)and guard posts system (隘墾制度) as strategies monitoring illegal cultivations out of bounds. Therefore, this study will explore how development of land of the local society was executed under these two strategies. The research region of this study is the upper basin of Touchian River in Hsinchu, formerly known as the region of Jiu Qiong Lin Zhuang (九芎林莊) and He Xing Zhuang (合興莊) in the Qing Dynasty, which is approx the region of Qionglin Township and Hengshan Township, Hsinchu County, of today. Jiu Qiong Lin Zhuang originally was an illegal cultivation area but was incorporated into the cultivation area after the Lin Shuang-wen incident. While He Xing Zhuang was an extended cultivation village after the execution of guard posts system. Thus, the regions’ developing process is precisely involved with the history process of the Qing Dynasty incorporating the outside regions.
Through the investigation and research of the aforementioned regions, this study will point out that the implementation of the aborigine military colonies system and guard posts system in the late 18th century, though seemed like an approach of further controlling the border areas and preventing the Han people in Taiwan excessively expanding outward and avoiding conflicts and confrontations with the aborigines, the actual implementation process of the land developments often resulted in incorporating more illegal cultivation activities into the Qing Dynasty and become part of the empire. This kind of history process reflects that the land development developed by the Qing Dynasty in order to control the border areas actually blurred the border of the Qing Dynasty and gradually expanded outward. Which also represents that the territory changes of the empire was not necessarily based on outward expansion through military forces or culture influences; in Taiwan, the soft and flexible land development, on the other hand, is the major factor of how the empire could continue absorbing border areas

並列關鍵字

aborigine military colonies system ； guard posts system ； Hsin-Chu ； Tou-Cian River ； He Xing Zhuang ； Jiu Qiong Lin

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