「是更好? 抑或相形弱勢?」—臺中市原住民族社會流動之研究

在無聲的遷移浪潮與資本主義市場經濟時代的洪流，都市原住民族人的社經地位是否因遷徙至都會區域而有所進步？本研究欲研究當前都市原住民個人社經地位發展的現況，以及都市原住民族人社會流動的真實現象為何？探究原住民族不同世代移居「都會區」之社會流動差異與影響因素，基於上述研究問題，本研究採取量化研究方法，依資料來源選擇立意抽樣、偶遇抽樣以及滾雪球抽樣等方式進行問卷調查，本次共發放調查328份問卷，回收問卷計287份，回收率為88％，有效問卷為258份，有效率為90％。主要研究發現與結論如下: 一、個人的性別、年齡、族別、出生地、遷移臺中市年數及一代都原離開原鄉前的職業等因素均影響其社經地位。二、親代社經地位對於都市原住民子代社經地位存在影響效果：親代的教育年數、現職地位、收入越高，子代的社經地位愈高。三、都市原住民的收入、職業社經地位，因其社經地位認知高低存在顯著差異。四、都市原住民個人及子女擁有不動產、原鄉有家庭不動產與原鄉部落連結程度愈高，影響其社經地位、社經地位認知高低。五、影響都市原住民社會流動之相關因素:(一)新生代都原，相對教育年數亦越高；(二)遷移時間點早晚不會影響代間教育差異; (三)愈早遷移都市，原住民的收入、社經地位認知愈高；（四）性別對代間流動影響存在顯著差異；(五)族別對代間流動影響不存在顯著差異;(六)親代的教育年數、職業社經地位及收入愈低，子代愈有機會呈現教育、職業及收入等面向之代間向上流動趨勢。基於上述的研究結果與發現，提出以下幾點建議：一、對原住民族人層面：強化與原鄉緊密連結、建立認同，養成更高自信；促進累積資本的學習經驗和能力優勢；致力發展原住民族集體互動機制。二、對社會工作實務層面: 培力新生代都市原住民發展職業流動之能力、充權生活輔導員、就業服務員之專業角色，提昇就業服務之功能。三、社會政策層面：縮短性別間之社經地位落差，倡導同工同酬；發展原住民族於勞動市場向上流動之能力建構政策；建構原鄉與都會區之就業轉銜機制；提昇原住民族專業與管理人才之人數比例。四、對未來研究層面：強化社會流動所反映的主流價值如何與族群傳統文化價值平衡探討；增強單一族群或跨族群之差異研究；研究工具之使用參考。

關鍵字

都市原住民；都市原住民世代；社會流動；社經地位

並列摘要

In the current of silent migration and the age of market economy of capitalism, does the socioeconomic status of urban indigenous people improve with their migration to the metropolitan area? This study investigated the current status of the development of the socioeconomic status of individual urban indigenous people and the real henomenon of their social mobility. It also probed into the different types of social mobility and the influencing factors in the migration to the metropolitan area of different generations. Based on the study questions above, this study adopted quantitative study and conducted a questionnaire survey with purposive sampling, accidental sampling, and snowball sampling based on the information sources. 328 questionnaires were distributed, and 287 recovered. The recovery rate was 88%. 258 were valid, the effective recovery rate 90%. The main findings and conclusion were as follows. I.The socioeconomic status of a individual was affected by gender, age, race, place of birth, years of migrating to Taichung City, and the occupation of the first generation before leaving their hometown. II.The socioeconomic status of parents affected that of children. The higher the education years, current status, and income, the higher the socioeconomic status of children. III.In terms of the income and occupational socioeconomic status of the urban indigenous peoples, there was a significant difference between different awareness of their own socioeconomic status. IV.The socioeconomic status and the awareness of their own socioeconomic status was affected by the possession of real estate of the urban indigenous people and their children, the possession of real estate in their hometown, and the tribal link in their hometown. V.The related factors in the social mobility of the urban indigenous people included: 1. The new generation had longer years of education. 2. Different timings of migration did not affect the educational difference between generations. 3. The earlier the migration, the higher the income and awareness of socioeconomic status of the indigenous people. 4. There was a significant difference between genders regarding the mobility of different generations. 5. There was no significant difference between races regarding the mobility of different generations. 6. The lower the years of education, occupational socioeconomic status, and income were, the more possible it was for the children to have upward social mobility in education, occupation, and income. Based on the results and findings above, the following suggestions were offered. I.Regarding the indigenous people: The link to the tribe should be strengthened, and the sense of identity should be established to have more self-confidence. The learning experience and the advantage of ability of capital accumulation should be developed. A system of the group interaction between the indigenous peoples should be devised. II.Regarding the social work practice: The ability of developing occupational mobility of the younger urban indigenous people should be developed. The professional role of life counselors and employment counselors should be empowered to elevate the function of employment services. III.Regarding social policies: The difference of socioeconomic status between difference genders should be shortened, and the idea of “equal pay for equal work” should be encouraged. Policies that develop the urban indegenous peoples’ ability to move upward in the labor market should be formulated. The work transition program between hometown and the metropolitan area should be developed. The proportion of indigenous professional and administrative personnels should be elevated. IV.Regarding future studies: The balance between the mainstream value reflected by social mobility and the traditional tribal cultures should be investigated. The Study on the differences between singular race or multiple races should be enhanced. The research tools served as the reference.