凝視與再現：天台山記中的宗教文化記憶與行旅書寫

Gaze and Representation: The Religious Cultural Memory and Travel Writing in Tiantai Shanji

林韻柔(Yun-Jo Lin)

《東華漢學》 27期 (2018/06) Pp. 125-161

摘要

自晉至明清，乃至近現代，歷代皆有僧道、文人雅士遊歷天台山，並留下諸多詩文，書寫天台山的宗教文化記憶。本文透過東晉孫綽〈遊天台山賦〉、唐徐靈府《天台山記》、入宋日僧成尋《參天台五臺山記》、明徐弘祖《徐霞客遊記》等天台山行記，以及明代天台僧人幽溪傳燈編撰的《天台山方外志》及其序，探究不同時代與身份的作者關於天台山的文化書寫與記憶。從而發現，由天台山行記中，可以見到天台山記憶與實地天台，共同建構出天台山的豐富內涵。無論探訪山水、閱讀詩文，亦或是欣賞繪畫，行遊者將自身投入實地，以及神遊者將自身投入想像，皆是透過凝視後的印象，再現名為「天台山」的宗教文化記憶。天台山記憶，不僅是被凝視的對象，也是一種標的與方法，讓人得以開展對於天台山的想像與再現，進而再將天台山塑造成豐富多元的東亞文化意象。

關鍵字

天台山 ； 行旅書寫 ； 宗教文化 ； 文化記憶

並列摘要

From the Jin to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, even modern times, many monks and literati of different dynasty visited Tiantai Mountain, and left many poems which recording their memories in religion and culture of Tiantai Mountain. This article will discuss the memories recordings written by different authors, based on Tiantai Shan Fu遊天台山賦 by Sun Chuo, Tiantai Shanji [天台山記] by Xu Lingfu 徐靈府、San Tendai Godai san ki [參天台五臺山記] by Jojin 成尋、Xu Xiake Youji [徐霞客遊記] by Xu Xiake and Tiantai Shan Fang Wai Zhi [天台山方外志] which wrote by a monk Youxi Chuandeng幽溪傳燈 in Ming Dynasty, to find a rich connotation about Tiantai Mountain which was built by the recordings and Tiantai Mountain itself. Whether visiting the landscape, reading poetry, or appreciating a painting, the visitors put themselves into the field, and developed their own imagination through a gaze at Tiantai Mountain, and then reproduced called ＂Tiantai Mountain＂ religious and cultural memory. Tiantai Mountain memory, not only is an object of reading, but also a subject and method to lead people carry out their imagination for the Tiantai Mountain and reproduce the memories, and ultimately to mold a rich and diverse East Asian cultural image.

並列關鍵字

Tiantai Mountain ； Travel Writing ； Religious Culture ； Cultural Memory

參考文獻

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〔日〕最澄，《傳教大師將來目錄》，《大正藏》冊55，號2159。