《莊子》的「內」、「外」之分－兼論「內聖外王」的義理內涵

The difference between ＂Internal＂ and ＂External＂ in [Zhuangzi] and the meaning of the concept ＂Ideal internal Discipline and External Political Traits＂

姚彥淇(Yao Yen-chi)

《漢學研究集刊》 27期 (2018/12) Pp. 1-23

摘要

《莊子》在行文時有一個頗具特色的風格，就好用內、外對舉或內、外分野，作為理解主客關係或是事物性質的概念座標。這樣的行文風格，在莊子之前的諸子之中並不顯著。筆者也發現當《莊子》討論到對象的工夫境界或存有狀態時，對象如何調理「內」、「外」之間的關係，以及如何在兩者之間做出適當的抉擇，往往是如何被評價的重要依據。大至世界的文化秩序，小至個人的自我認知，莊子經常先劃定一條內、外的分野，然後據此設定不同的屬性與期望。「內者」在莊子看來，經常代表主體性命之情牢不可破的精神堡壘，而「外者」則代表主體的社會互動過程，例如〈人間世〉裡與天為徒的「內直者」與與人為徒的「外直者」。在莊書的內篇之中，「外內不相及」是莊子對內、外關係的一個基本認知，雖然兩者皆秉承天命所生，但在「无以好惡內傷其身」的考量下，「治外」往往是以「保內」為前提。不過在外雜篇之中，「內外兼治」及「內外一體」思維卻不時浮現在文字之中，如〈天運〉的「中无主而不止，外无正而不行」，顯然莊子後學試圖在內、外之間找出一條平衡之徑。另外，本文對於〈天下〉篇裡「內聖外王」這一重要觀念，該如何透過莊子本文及其思想架構來理解，筆者也會在前人的研究基礎上，結合全書「內外之分」的觀念做進一步的討論。

關鍵字

莊子 ； 內外之分 ； 內篇 ； 外雜篇 ； 天道 ； 天下 ； 內聖外王

並列摘要

A unique feature of [Zhuangzi] is repeatedly using the contrast and difference between the internal and the external as a means of portraying the relationship between subject and object or properties of an entity or matter. This writing style was not apparent in schools of thought prior to the appearance of Zhuangzi. It has been observed by the writer of this study, that when discussing a level of discipline or an existing status, how the relationship between the [internal] and the [external] is conditioned and how to favor one over the other, are basis in which Zhuangzi passes judgement. Whether addressing the order of global culture or the nature of individual cognition, Zhuangzi often addresses the issue by first drawing a differentiating scope for the internal and external, then adding different attributes and expectations. In the eyes of Zhuangzi, ＂the internal＂ often refers to the indestructible psychological fort that is the nature of the subject, while ＂the external＂ represents the social interaction process of the subject, e.g. that which is ＂internally direct＂ and in the same category as nature and that which is ＂externally direct＂ and in the same category as human beings, as stated within＂Ren-Jian-Shi＂ of the Inner Chapters. Within the Inner chapters of Zhuangzi, ＂Nature and human beings cannot be against each other＂ is a basic theory which addresses the relationship between the internal and the external. Although both were created by the high heavens, under the considerations of ＂not being affected by the good and the bad＂, ＂internal completion＂ is often a premise for ＂external governance＂. However, ＂discipline of both internal and external＂ as well as ＂incorporating internal and external into one＂ frequently appear in the Outer-miscellaneous chapters of Zhuangzhi. These include ＂success can only be achieved through both internal intent and an external environment＂ within [Tian Yun]. This indicates that Zhuangzi attempts to find a balance between the internal and external. Furthermore, this study will further discuss how to utilize Zhuangzi text and its ideologies to understand the concept of ＂Ideal internal Discipline and External Political Traits＂, through both previously conducted researches and the ＂distinction between the Inside and Outside＂ that is apparent throughout the whole text.

並列關鍵字

Zhuangzi ； Inside and Outside ； Inner chapters ； Outer-miscellaneous chapters ； Tien-Tao ； T'ien-hsia ； Ideal internal Discipline and External Political Traits

參考文獻

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清郭慶藩輯(1980)。莊子集釋。臺北:華正書局。

王邦雄(1994)。儒道之間。臺北:漢光文化事業股份有限公司。

王東江(2008)。是「聖王」還是「內外」？―從《莊子•天下》看「內聖外王」的原始意蘊。江西社會科學。2008(8)

吳肇嘉(2011)。莊子應世思想研究。臺北:臺灣學生書局。