利瑪竇世界地圖中的「食人國」、「長人國」研究

利瑪竇所繪中文世界地圖中，存在部分名稱與晚明日用類書「諸夷門」相同或類似的國家。它們常被當作來源於中方文獻而討論。近來有學者提出其可能源於西方文獻，但具體來源尚未明確。本文通過對比16世紀左右中西方「食人國」、「長人國」文獻資料，認為二者雖出現在利氏地圖體系中，但並非中國傳統的「諸夷門」國家，而是來源於當時西方旅行誌所產生的異族傳說。除文本外，對他族的「異化」想像，也因圖像的傳播而產生更廣泛、持久的影響力。利瑪竇對南美「食人國」與「長人國」的描述，在當時的知識背景下可謂更新及時且較為準確。這也反映了他製圖的嚴謹態度。那麼，繪製於其他區域的「諸夷門」國族，應當皆有依據。利氏地圖中出現的「遠國異人」，或可視為東西方文化交流中，雙方異域知識與想像之集合。

關鍵字

利瑪竇；坤輿萬國全圖；食人國；長人國；諸夷門

並列摘要

Drawn by Matteo Ricci, the first Chinese global map displays several ＂legendary races＂, which have the same or similar names as the ＂Categories of Various Barbarians (Zhu Yi Men)＂ in the late Ming. Thus, it is often discussed as mythical ethnic groups related to traditional Chinese Hua-Yi concept. Comparing Chinese and Western documents about ＂Cannibals＂ and ＂Region of Giant＂ around 16th century, this essay argues that these two legendary South American countries were not fictitious; they both originated from famous western travel logs published in the Age of Discovery. Meanwhile, images about ＂monstrous races＂ had spread widely in Europe, and exaggerated the long-term impact of imagination and mythology. However, it is possible that Ricci accepted the Chinese names of the ＂exotic others＂ shown in classic Chinese literature during translation. When it comes to those monstrous races depicted in Asia, they may mainly be based on Chinese documents. Considering this, the ＂exotic others＂ appeared in Ricci's map could be an illustration of the exchanges and collisions between the Eastern and Western culture.