論唐代字書的俗字類型

The Nonstandard Forms of Characters in Tang Dynasty

馬偉成(Wei-Cheng Mar)

《大同大學通識教育年報》 10期 (2014/07) Pp. a1-28

https://doi.org/10.6514/TJGE.201407_(10).0001

摘要

隨著唐王朝政治上的統一，經濟上的強盛，文化上的繁榮也是大勢所趨。因此，唐王朝在官吏考選和學校教育方面，都把「書寫」放在重要的地位，故文字趨於一體成為當時文字學者戮力的工作項目。正字與俗字的使用在唐代既是相容、又是分道。本文從顏元孫《干祿字書》、張參《五經文字》及唐玄度《新加九經字樣》三本字書為依據，考察唐代俗字的情形。其實正字與俗字之間的差異性乃在於時空的差異，正字可能因流通性弱不被大眾接受，而成為俗字；俗字可能因流通性強得到大眾的認可，而成為正字。故正字是文字系統的主幹，俗字則是正字系統的補充力量，彼此間的關係會隨著時間的推移而變化，二者關係是相互依存。

關鍵字

干祿字書 ； 五經文字 ； 新加九經字樣 ； 俗字 ； 正字

並列摘要

With the Tang Dynasty's political unity and economic prosperity, cultural prosperity is also a trend. Therefore, ＂writing＂ was highly demanded in the selection of government officials and in the school education in Tang Dynasty. Moreover, scholars at that time were making lots of efforts to try to unify the forms of characters. The use of the standard forms and nonstandard forms was compatible and yet, at the same time, separate. Based on ＂Gan Lu Zi Shu＂ by Yuan-Sun Yan, ＂Wu Jing Wen Zi＂ by Can Zhang, and ＂Xin Jia Jiu Jin Zi Yang＂ by Yuen Tang, this article examines the nonstandard forms of characters in Tang Dynasty. In fact, the differences between the standard forms and the nonstandard forms of characters lie in the differences in time and space. Due to limited circulation, the standard forms might become nonstandard ones because they were not accepted by the majority. However, the nonstandard forms might become standard ones because they were highly circulated and were thus approved of by the public. Therefore, the nonstandard forms are supplementary to the standard forms, the main body of the writing system. The relationship between the two is interdependent and will change as time evolves.

並列關鍵字

＂Gan Lu Zi Shu＂ ； ＂Wu Jing Wen Zi＂ ； ＂Xin Jia Jiu Jin Zi Yang＂ ； nonstandard forms of words ； standard forms