見你所見：認知控制在視覺空間觀點採納的角色

See from Your Perspective: The Role of Executive Control in Visuospatial Perspective Taking

林彥廷(Yen-Ting Lin)

指導教授 ： 葉怡玉

國立臺灣大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202000355

摘要

近年來已有許多的證據指出觀點採納有可能僅是一種領域一般性的認知控制機制，而非長久以來認為的”心智化”歷程。然而，目前研究均集中於等級一的觀點採納，對於等級二觀點採納是否也有此疑慮鮮少探討。本研究目的在於檢驗認知控制歷程是否涉入、以及如何涉入等級二觀點採納。實驗一透過視覺觀點採納作業與三項執行功能評估作業檢驗等級二觀點採納與認知控制之關聯。實驗二以空間觀點採納作業與賽門作業探討內隱刺激–反應相容性於觀點採納中的角色。實驗三則以空間觀點採納作業與心花作業探討外顯刺激–反應相容性於觀點採納中的角色。視空間觀點採納作業、賽門作業，以及心花作業三者均操控線索–目標時間間距（200毫秒、1000毫秒）、刺激–反應相容性（視空間觀點採納作業：自我、他人；賽門與心花作業：相容、不相容），以及嘗試類型（重複、轉換）三種因子。綜觀三個實驗，作業順序的確會影響視空間觀點採納作業的表現，當視空間觀點採納作業先執行時（實驗一、三），三因子主要效果均達到顯著水準，而沒有顯著交互作用存在。與作業轉換相關文獻之研究結果不一致的是，增加線索–目標時間間距並不會減少轉換虧損，即使兩作業存有難度差異也未能觀察到不對稱之轉換虧損。當視空間觀點採納作業後執行時（實驗二），增加線索–目標時間間距可減少轉換虧損，且在短時間間距下正確率有不對稱轉換虧損。雖然本研究結果與作業轉換之文獻結果有不一致之處，但相關分析結果顯示了認知控制於觀點採納的重要性。在短時間間距下，處理速度與內隱刺激–反應衝突處理在他人觀點判斷、由自我觀點轉換於他人觀點中扮演著關鍵的影響因子，外顯刺激–反應衝突處理也在由自我觀點轉換於他人觀點的歷程中具有一定的貢獻。在長時間間距下，他人觀點轉換至自我觀點歷程與處理速度、更新控制有關，外顯刺激–反應衝突處理對他人觀點判斷也具有一定的貢獻程度。認知控制在視空間觀點採納中扮演著轉換、更新作業規則，以及處理發生於決策早期、晚期階段的衝突。

關鍵字

視空間觀點採納 ； 認知控制 ； 任務轉換 ； 轉換虧損 ； 賽門效果

並列摘要

This study investigated how executive control is involved in Level-2 visuospatial perspective taking (L2VSPT). Experiment 1 incorporated a L2 visual perspective taking task with three executive control tasks. Experiments 2 and 3 adopted a L2 spatial perspective taking task. In Experiment 2, participants also performed a Simon task in which implicit stimulus-response compatibility was manipulated. In Experiment 3, participants performed a Hearts-and-Flowers (HF) task in which explicit stimulus-response compatibility was manipulated. In L2VSPT, Simon, and HF tasks, three variables were manipulated: cue-to-target interval (CTI) with a short (200 ms) or a long (1000 ms) duration, stimulus-response compatibility with egocentric judgment as the compatible condition and the altercentric judgment as the incompatible condition, and trial type with repeat or switch from the previous trial. Across three experiments, the results showed that task order influenced L2VSPT performance. When L2VSPT was performed first (Experiments 1 and 3), the main effects of all three variables were significant and their interaction effects were not. Inconsistent with the findings in the literature of task-switching studies, increasing CTI did not reduce switch cost and the cost of switching from a nondominant task with a strong control to a dominant task with a weak control was not larger than the cost of the reversal switch. When L2SPT task was performed as the second task in Experiment 2, increasing CTI reduced the switch cost and accuracy showed switch asymmetry at short CTI. Although the results differ from those observed in prior research on task switching, the correlations with tasks on executive control (Experiment 1) and between tasks (Experiments 2 and 3) showed the roles of executive control. At short CTI, processing speed and resolution of implicit stimulus-response conflict played an important role in altercentric judgment and in the egocentric-to-altercentric switch. Resolution of explicit stimulus-response conflict also contributed to the altercentric-to-egocentric switch. At long CTI, processing speed and updating were involved in the egocentric-to-altercentric switch. Afterward, resolution of explicit stimulus-response conflict contributed to altercentric judgments. Executive control plays an important role in L2VSPT for switch, updating task rules, and resolving conflict emerged at the early or latter decision stage.

並列關鍵字

visuospatial perspective taking ； executive control ； task switching ； switching cost ； Simon effect

參考文獻

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