從玉器看台灣東部考古學研究

Reviewing Archaeological Researches in Eastern Taiwan by Nephrite Artifacts

尹意智(Yi-Chih Yin)

指導教授 ： 陳有貝

國立臺灣大學/文學院/人類學研究所/博士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201903848

摘要

本論文是關於臺灣新石器時代「玉器」如何出現，在史前社會中扮演何種角色，及對玉器在最後如何消失作相關的討論。由下而上地藉由玉器在不同時期社會文化中所佔有的地位，反思東部考古學的內容；同時對「玉器」與「史前社會」視為相互對話的能動性主體，試圖與現今主流的玉器研究、史前社會變遷論述對話。
玉器的出現，可以追溯到東亞玉器發展的脈絡。本文一方面觀察大坌坑文化出現玉器的脈絡；另一方面也從玉器出現的脈絡檢視大坌坑文化的社會現象。筆者認為大坌坑早期，人群由西側進入，與澎湖地區有著強烈的交流互動關係，當時尚未出現玉器；大坌坑晚期，東部玉器工匠的移入，是為第二次人群移入的結果之一；也就是在大坌坑晚期，玉器文化由長江下游的用玉文化的工匠，偶然進入台灣東部的結果。第二批人群進入台灣所攜帶的技術、文化，既包含中國南方的農業技術如稻米文化；也帶著北方特有的生產與工業技術，如辨認閃玉的技術。
新石器時代中、晚期玉器不斷發展演進，由全台各地皆可見玉器大量的出現，與玉器尊貴物品（prestige good）的不斷出現，史前玉器生產演進為「為交換而生產」（production for exchange）；本文經由玉器「專業化」、「商品化」，與「權力具象化」的討論，說明新石器時代晚期的東部已經出現階層社會。
最後在新石器時代晚期，玉器隨著鐵器時代來臨而突然消失。有愈來愈多的證據說明，玉器生產的連續性發生嚴重的中斷；玉器在鐵器時代消失是突然發生。筆者認為鐵器時代外來物品玻璃珠與瑪瑙珠進入台灣史前社會，並不是造成玉器消失的原因；玻璃珠、瑪瑙珠進入台灣社會的脈絡，卻是在玉器裝飾品、階級社會真空的狀態下趁勢而入的結果。

關鍵字

台灣史前玉器 ； 大坌坑文化 ； 卑南文化 ； 階層社會 ； 玉器消失斷層論

並列摘要

This thesis is about how the "Nephrite artifacts" of the Neolithic Age in Taiwan appeared, what role they played in prehistoric society, and the discussion of how nephrite disappeared in the end. Looking at the position of nephrite artifacts in different periods of social culture, I will try to re-think research on the Neolithic Age of Eastern Taiwan. At the same time, I regard the "Nephrite" and "Prehistoric Societies" as the active subjects of a mutual dialogue, trying to interact with the current mainstream.
The emergence of nephrite artifacts can be traced back to developments in East Asia. On the one hand, this paper observes the context of the appeareance of nephrite artifacts in the Dapenkeng Culture; on the other hand, it also examines the social phenomena of the Dapenkeng Culture through nephrite artifacts. I will argue that in the early days of the Dapenkeng Culture, people entered from the west and had strong interactions with the Penghu Islands. At that time, nephrite was not present; in the late Dapenkeng Culture, nephrite craftsmen from the North was the result of a second immigration. That is, in the late stage of the Dapenkeng Culture, the nephrite craftmen arbitrarily entered into Eastern Taiwan. The second wave of people entered Taiwan carrying specific technologies, including agricultural technology in southern China, such as rice culture; it also carried the unique production and industrial technologies from the North, such as the technology of identifying nephrite. The people who entered Taiwan in the early Neolithic Periods should be marine groups travelling by sea.
In the Middle and Later Neolithic Age, nephrite articles continued to develop. A large number of nephrite articles appeared in all parts of Taiwan, and the emergence of nephrite artifacts evolved into "production for exchange". The discussion of "specialization", "commodification", and "prestige goods" shows that there was a stratified society in Eastern Taiwan in the late Neolithic period.
Finally, in the late Neolithic period, nephrite artifacts suddenly disappeared with the advent of the Iron Age. There is growing evidence that the continuity of nephrite artifacts had been severely disrupted, and the disappearance of nephrite artifacts in the Iron Age is abrupt. I believe that the glass beads and agate beads entered the prehistoric society of Taiwan, but were not the cause of the disappearance of nephrite; people who made nephrite artifacts disappeared, and Taiwan societies had no choice but to receive glass beads and agate beads in the Iron Age.

並列關鍵字

prehistoric nephrite artifacts of Taiwan ； Dapengkeng Culture ； Peinan Culture ； stratified society ； gap of the disappearance of nephrite artifacts

參考文獻

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