本文分析人工協助生殖科技過去50年在台灣的歷史發展,探討不孕診療在什麼樣的異性戀父權社會下發展,新生殖科技又如何可能改變生殖理念與實作,挑戰生殖分工,撼動性別系統。我們發現,50年代男性遠生殖的生殖理念,使得不孕檢查重女輕男;重視父系傳承的社會價值,也使當時對於AID的討論著重在男權的保障。然而,在70年代開始,強調男女同步的不孕檢查,將男性拉近生殖,而AID增高實施比例,降低「男性的種」的重要性,造就非父系血親的生殖突破。90年代,不孕檢查逐漸破除「生殖=女人」的生殖意識,但是以IVF與ICSI為主的助孕科技反而由於「男性不孕,治療女性」的不孕醫療模式,強化了女體與生殖的關連性。雖然異性戀夫妻的不孕「治療」愈發以血親為重,非異性戀婚姻體制的邊緣他者卻在90年代開始利用新生殖科技其分離性與生殖的特色,成為使用科技的新主體。現今醫學凝視的對象也從不孕的器官擴散到社會生活的各個層面,醫療助孕的社會儼然來臨。本文強調,著重新生殖科技多重使用的歷史脈絡與意義轉換,以及掌握性別與生殖關係的多樣性,才能明辨新生殖科技與性別系統的變動關係。
By means of investigating the historical development of the new reproductive technologies (NRT) in Taiwan since 1950s, I demonstrate how the heterosexual patriarchy shapes the medical treatment of infertility, and how the NRT could transform the sex/gender system. In the 1950s, the reproductive ideologies that equated women with procreation exempted men from infertility examination and treatment. In the 70s, the emphasis on the couple as a unit for infertility exam, as well as the use of artificial insemination using donors' semen, challenged the orthodoxy of husbands' lineage. However in the 90s, while the voice of ”men first” in the infertility exam further linked men with reproduction, as the NRT advanced, women had to experience more and more intrusive medical intervention. Particularly, with the availability of in-vitro fertilization and ICSI, fertile women with their infertile male partners often had to undergo more medical intrusion. While the heterosexual couples tended to apply the NRT to the attainment of biological parenthood, the characteristics of the NRT that separate heterosexual sex from procreation led single women and lesbians to use the NRT to have their own children. Also in the 90s, the medical gaze extended from the infertile bodies to various dimensions of social lives, thus implying the birth of a society of medicalized conception. This paper stresses that only by seeing the multiple meanings and diverse uses of the NRT, as well as the complexity of the sex/gender system, could we reveal the dynamic interactions between the NRT and the society.