從南非到中國──「低人權優勢」下的「經濟奇蹟」

昔日「黑白二元」體制下的南非和現今「城鄉二元」體制下的中國都曾創造了和創造著「經濟奇蹟」，也產生了類似的積弊。本文從歷史淵源、制度演變的角度分析了二者的異同，特別是從身份壁壘、「流動勞工」制度、「有序的城市化」政策以及暫住證、集體宿舍、「兩棲人」、清理「貧民窟」、徵地拆遷、都市更新和「城管」等等現象上進行了深入比較，指出了兩者在擺脫「低人權」方面的共同方向、進度的差異以及基於兩者若干不同條件而可能產生的不同路徑。

關鍵字

「低人權優勢」；經濟奇蹟；流動勞工；土地制度；二元體制；「有序的城市化」；南非；中國

並列摘要

The past black/white racial binary paradigm in South Africa and the present urban and rural binary system in China created/is creating the so-called ＂economic miracles＂. Yet, similar malpractice patterns are also observed in both economies. This article analyzes their differences and the similarities from the aspects of historical contexts and paradigm shifts. The further comparisons are made on phenomena such as the identity boundaries, the migrant labor system, the policies of ordered urbanization, the temporary residence permits, the dormitories, the seasonal migrant workers, the slums leveling, the land expropriation and housing demolition, the urban renewal projects and the urban administration. The findings show that both South Africa and China governments have similar goals as solving the issue of low human rights. However, they have different development processes and future directions due to their dissimilar conditions.