Cerebrovascular stroke has threatened human life for a long time, the strokes can be divided into ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, the latter the most numerous. Cerebrovascular stroke is not only one of the leading three causes death causes in Taiwan, but also the cause of disability resulting in a heavy burden on medical resources. For thousands of years, medical specialists have fought against strokes, there are some ancient therapies we can still see toddy, such as blood letting, herbs stimulating the circulation of blood and acupuncture, etc. Besides, thrombolytic therapy is popular nowadays, such as urokinase, streptokinase, t-PA, they can achieve some effects but not all. The study of ischemic brain injury in cell culture, animal models, and humans have revealed inter-and intra-cellular signaling pathways that increase resistance to cell degeneration and death. Brain injury induces expression of many different growth factors and cytokines, which can protect neurons against insults relevant to the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, including excitoxicity, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, acidosis, and pro-oxidants. Neuroprotective signal transduction pathways elicit changes that promote the maintenance of cellular ion homeostasis and / or suppressed the accumulation of free radicals. This will discuss the mechanism of post-ischemic neuroprotection of growth factors such as neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth facet, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β. These growth factors have the effects of neurogenesis, angiogenesis, neurotrophy, inhibitory excitoxity induced by glutamate and NMDA, and anti-oxidative, by these ways they can prevent neural cells from death. Although it is a long road to apply them into clinical use, it can be expected to become another powerful therapy if the difficulties are overcome.