The present study attempted to examine the prevalence of depression and resilience and their association with factors, such as self-esteem, social support, coping strategy and life stress, among adolescents in residential care. All samples were placed in 7 child care institutions, aged between 13 to 18 years old. The data collection was performed twice, six months apart for each data questionnaire survey work. In the first measurement, the valid samples were 243, in the second measurement, the valid samples were 233; and there were196 adolescents attended both measurements. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics, correlation, ANOVA, factor analysis, and multiple regressions. The major results related to the resilience of adolescents in residential care were as follows: 1.The overall resilience performance is poor but fairly stable. 2.The resilience of adolescents has positive correlation with institutional life experiences, self-esteem, social support and problem-solving orientation coping strategy. 3.The resilience of adolescents has positive correlation with depression, and there are significant gender and age differences. According to Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score, the residential care of adolescent in two measurements of depression have changed dramatically, and very unstable. 1.There has 34.7% of sample scored over 16, and there has33% of sample scored over 16 on one of depression measurements. 2.There are significant gender and age differences in depression. In terms of adjusted model of the residential care of adolescents: 1.Institutional life experiences of adolescents have main effect on resilience, which means the better institutional experiences of life, the stronger in resilience. 2.Adolescent's self-esteem, social support, and life stress also has main effect on depression, which indicates that high self-esteem, high social support, and low life pressure are able to reduce the depression. In terms of promoted model of the residential care of adolescents: 1.In the first measurement, self-esteem and depression have partial mediating effects on resilience, which can enhance resilience and self-esteem in one side, and reduce the depression in other side. However, it was not confirmed in the second measurement. 2.In the first measurement, social support and depression has created mediating effect on resilience, which means that social support are able to moderate resilience, and reduce the depression. However, it was not verified in the second measurement. 3.Path analysis of institution life experience, self-esteem and social support within the institution have a positive influence on resilience, and resilience of depression tended to have a negative influence, therefore, to institution life experience, self-esteem, social support on depression tend to have indirect negative impact. Finally, there were recommendations for future research and the institution of residential care.