A newly recorded family, Phrymaceae, and species, Phryma leptostachya L., from Taiwan are described and illustrated. Phryma leprostachya was found near Chienshih Hsiang, in Hsinchu Hsien. The flowers of Phryma have unusually long hooked tips on the calyx and single-seeded fruit enclosed by the persistent calyx, which accounts for its isolated taxonomic position and recognition as an independent family, Phrymaceae. It is easily distinguished from the other related families, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae, and Verbenaceae, respectively, in Taiwan.