紀念博物館在轉型正義中之角色

世界多數歷經轉型正義的國家，多設立了紀念館或紀念地，除了緬懷過去歷史事件和先行者的貢獻，展現今日追求人權文化的決心之外，更是為了深化未來民主的發展。在當代的紀念性博物館和轉型正義課題的關係中，紀念館被賦予更多當代民主社會的相關文化性任務，它討論的範疇跨越了傳統的領域，涉及當代社會處理「過去不正義」的各種議題；紀念館在轉型正義過程中能夠達成那些目標？是本文對紀念博物館和轉型正義關係探討的動機。臺灣已設立二二八國家紀念館、國家人權博物館，紀念博物館在臺灣發展的概況及實證研究，仍有待更深入探討。依據轉型正義及其機制而言，臺灣可稱為「失衡的轉型」或「正義失衡」的新興民主國家，不論是政府或是民間所設立的紀念館，在失衡轉型下紀念館面臨的困境和作為，需要我們重視並且尋求建構紀念館新文化觀的對策。臺灣的紀念館不應只是哀悼過去的場所，它應該成為我們的政治、社會、文化的長期博物館運動的指標，形成個人和群體面對民主、人權新事務的切身文化論辯場所。每一位公民、NGOs組織和紀念館的積極作為並相互支援，是達成漸進改變社會走向重視人權文化的關鍵因素。

關鍵字

紀念博物館；轉型正義；失衡的轉型；二二八紀念館；國家人權博物館；鄭南榕紀念館

並列摘要

The relationship between contemporary memorial museums and the problem of transitional justice has emerged as a new field of research in recent years. Most countries in the world that have experienced processes of transitional justice have established memorial museums or memorial sites. Besides cherishing the memory of past historical incidents and the contributions of pioneers, such memorials manifest a resolution to promote human rights culture in the present and to deepen the development of democracy in the future. Memorial museums are entrusted with even more related cultural tasks in contemporary democratic societies and the scope of research in such museums transcends traditional research fields to involve numerous issues pertaining to how contemporary society copes with “past injustices”. What objectives can memorial museums achieve in the process of transitional justice? This paper aims to address this question by exploring the relationship between memorial museums and transitional justice. Taiwan has witnessed the establishment of the National 228 Memorial Museum and the National Human Rights Museum, but the state of development and empirical research of memorial museums in Taiwan is still awaiting exploration. Based on international research in transitional justice and documents from related institutions, Taiwan can be described as a new democratic state with a ＂transition out of balance＂ or ＂imbalanced justice＂. The difficulties and actions of memorial museums, whether official or civic, under the condition of imbalanced transition require our attention and search for strategies to establish memorial museums with new cultural perspectives. Taiwan's memorial museums cannot be sites of mourning devoted solely to the commemoration of the past, but should become benchmarks for our long-term political, social and cultural museum movement and become personal locations for cultural debate that can foster individual and collective appreciation of democratic and new human rights affairs. The positive actions of each and every citizen, non-governmental organization and memorial museum and mutual support is a decisive factor in realizing steady progress in our society toward devoting genuine attention to human rights culture.