非破壞性科學檢驗技術應用於古器物研究之實例

古器物之材質主要包含礦物、岩石、陶瓷（釉料）、琉璃、合金、織品、紙張、油墨、骨角牙貝等，分類上主要可歸屬於材料科學的陶瓷、金屬、高分子、或複合材料。其材質種類、結構、化學成分、形貌等的研究，可為古器物材料來源、加工程序、文化交流、使用或埋藏過程環境變遷等提供重要資訊。材料科學上科學檢測技術日新月異，鑑定材質的方法技術很多，但是礙於古器物之珍貴，其檢驗經常是需要以非破壞性的方法為之，因此可採用的方法技術便受到侷限。然而地球科學與材料科學的日益進步，使許多非破壞性檢驗技術不斷推新，讓古器物的科學研究日益可行。本文列舉一些非破壞性科學鑑定方法於古器物研究之成果，期盼鏈結更多非破壞性科學鑑定方法投入各類材質古器物之研究，解開更多古文明器物的謎題。

關鍵字

古器物；非破壞科學檢驗技術；材質；結構

並列摘要

Ancient artifacts have been found to be made of a wide spectrum of materials, including minerals, rocks, ceramics (glazes), glasses, alloys, textiles, paper, inks, bone, horn, teeth, and shell. From the perspective of material science, these materials can be roughly grouped under the four categories ceramics, metal, polymer and composite. Examining the types, chemical compositions, structures and morphologies of these materials helps provide valuable archaeological insights into the sources of raw materials, manufacturing processes, cultural significances, and changes in the environments while artifacts was used or buried. Examination of ancient, especially those rare and fragile ones, needs to be performed in a nondestructive manner, thus limiting the choice of available detection methods. However, the limitation has been removed by various innovative scientific detection technologies developed in recent years along with the constant advancement of material and earth sciences. This paper accordingly aims at introducing some of the nondestructive scientific detection technologies with a focus on their applications to the examination and study of ancient artifacts.