大鳳蝶的形態與四種寄主植物對生長發育的影響

本研究探討大鳳蝶（Papilio memnon heronus Fruhstörfer）的外部形態描述和不同寄主對其生長發育之影響。本試驗在網室內採大鳳蝶當日產卵，置於25±1℃，80±5%RH，光週期14L：10D的生長箱中，以芸香科（Rutaceae）的酸桔（Citrus sunki Hort.）葉片單隻飼養其幼蟲至成蝶，觀察各蟲期形態的變化。同時將剛孵化幼蟲移至金桔（C. microcarpa Bonge）、酸桔、檸檬（C. limon (L.) Burm.f.）及文旦（C. grandis (L.) Osbeck）四種寄主植物飼養至成蝶羽化，結果以取食檸檬之存活率最高，達66.7%；而酸桔存活率50%為最低。從第一齡幼蟲至羽化為成蝶的平均發育日數，以酸桔最短，為34.73±0.70日，而文旦發育日數最長，為46.92±1.49日。幼蟲頭殼寬度超過5.43mm的閥值即可進入化蛹階段；幼蟲頭殼寬度隨齡期以1.44～1.46倍呈等比增長，幼蟲頭殼寬度的常用對數與齡期間呈迴歸直線關係，符合戴爾法則。幼蟲期的頭殼寬度和體長皆隨齡期增長而增加，兩者均以第五齡幼蟲的增長速度最快。四種不同寄主植物組的蛹重、蛹長與成蝶翅長均以酸桔組最大，文旦組最小；各組雌、雄蝶性比均符合1：1。大鳳蝶無論是綠色型蛹或褐色型蛹，皆可能羽化為雄蝶及兩型雌蝶。本種蛹色雙態型及雌蝶多態型主要是受到遺傳變異之影響。上述結果期能提供本種未來引入休閒農業、觀光蝶園或提供教學及大量飼育之參考。

關鍵字

大鳳蝶；態描述；柑橘屬；寄主植物；生長發育；頭殼寬度

並列摘要

The paper was performed to research the basic biological data of Polymorph swallowtail (Papilio memnon heronus Fruhstörfer), including its external morphological description and influence of four host plants on growth and development. Eggs of Polymorph swallowtail were collected from the host plant in the screenhouse and placed in the growth chamber with conditions of 25℃, 80±5% RH, and in a photoperiod of 14 hr light and 10 hr darkness. The newly hatching larvae were individually reared on leaves of Citrus sunki Hort. for observations on the morphology of various development stage of the butterfly. Furthermore, hatching larvae were individually reared on leaves of four Citrus spp. host plants, C. microcarpa Bonge, C. sunki Hort., C. limon (L.) Burm.f. and C. grandis (L.) Osbeck. Results indicated that the highest survival rate from the first instar larvae to emerge adult was 66.7% on C. limon. And the lowest survival rate of this species was 50% on C. sunki. The shortest developmental period required for the first instar larvae to become adult was 34.73±0.07 days by feeding on C. sunki. Relatively, the longest was 46.92±1.49 days on C. grandis. The threshold value of head capsule width for larva developed to pupa was above 5.43 mm. The increment of the head capsule width of larva was in accordance with the increase in larval instar stage, maintained a ratio of 1.44-1.46 times. A linear regression relationship was existed between the common logarithms of head capsule width of larva and the larval instar stages, which fitted with the Dyar’s law. The increments in both the head capsule width and the body length of larva were in accordance with the increase in larval instar stage. Both showed the fastest growth was the fifth instar larval stage. The biggest and smallest data of pupal weight, pupal length, and adult wing length were showed on C. sunki and C. grandis groups, respectively. The sex ratio of female per male adults was all matched 1:1 in four different host plants. However, either green-type or brown-type pupae of this species, both of them had possible to emergence male, form achates or agenor females. We suggested that genetic variation was major influence factor on pupal color dimorphism and female polymorphic of Polymorph swallowtail. These results could provide some reference information for application in leisure agriculture areas and sightseeing butterfly gardens, or regard as educational materials and mass rearing production of the butterfly.

並列關鍵字

Polymorph swallowtail (Papilio memnon heronus Fruhstörfer) ； morphological description ； Citrus spp. ； host plant ； growth and Development ； head capsule width.