玉米子粒充實特性之研究

Studies on the Characteristics of Kernel-filling in Maize

曹紹徽(S. H. Tsao) ； 王強生(C. S. Wang) ； 劉大江(D. J. Liu)

《中華農業研究》 35卷1期 (1986/03) Pp. 23-36

https://doi.org/10.29951/JARC.198603.0003

摘要

木試驗以臺南11號、臺農351號、臺農育121號及CS 711爲材料，將玉米穗穗部分爲穗軸，苞葉及上、中、下三部位子粒，分別測定三部位子粒在充實期子粒教、子粒重及非構造性碳水化會物(TNC)與N素濃度之變化，並估算百粒重和上、中、下三那位子粒對全穗子粒最終產量的貢獻，以瞭解子粒之充實特性與營養戊分的變化，探討二計位鹽育不良的所、因及影響子粒發育之關鍵時期。
試驗結果顯示子粒乾物重約前93-97%是於直線充實期累積的；上位子粒乾物質之累積速率及累積量顯著的較中、下兩部位爲低，且每株粒斂及百粒重示餃低，因此對全穗子粒最終產量的貢獻，上位皆少於中、下兩部位，其間的差異程度因品種而異。各品種均以中位子粒具最多粒數，下位子粒之百粒重雖較高，但不足以彌補粒數減少的損失，因此下位子粒對產量的貢獻低於中位子粒。上、中、下三部位子粒TNC及N含量的變化和乾物重變化相似，以中位子粒有最高的累積量，下位次之，上位最少“臺南11號每穗粒數較少，而使產量無法提高；臺農351號其穗頂較不充實，使上位子粒之粒數及容積顯著減少，積儲容量因而受到限制；但與臺農510號來自同一母本的臺農育121號因無穗頂不充實現象，爲本試驗巾產量最高的品種。CS 711每穗粒數及百粒重均較低，積儲容量小，且供原亦顯不足。試驗顯示玉米子粒之充實特性隨著品種遺傳背景之不同而互異。
綜合本試驗結果，得知三部位子粒無論就粒數，粒重及充實速率而言，均以中位子粒之表現最佳，對產量亦最具重要性，但如能改善頂端子粒之充實特性，仍不失爲有限度提高產量的有效方法。

並列摘要

Using Tainung 351 (TNG 351), Tainung Yu 121 (TNG Yu 121), Tainan 11 (TN 11) and CS 711 as experimental varieties, maize ears were harvested periodically from silking to maturity and divided into cob, husks and upper, middle and lower kernels. Changes of kernel number, kernel weight, amounts of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and nitrogen (N) as well as relative percentages of kernels to the final grain yield were determined separately for kernels at 3 different parts of the ear to investigate the kernel-filling characteristics, changes of nutrient components, causes of poorly developed kernels and the critical kernel growth period.
Results indicated that 93-97% of kernel dry weight was accumulated during the linear filling period. The rate and amount of dry weight accumulation, kernel number per plant and 100-kernel-weight for the upper ear part were all lower than those for the middle and lower ear parts, hence lowered the contribution of upper kernels to final grain yield. Degree of difference among the 3 parts of kernels varied among varieties tested. Middle ear part possessed the largest kernel number for all the varieties. Although lower ear part had higher 100-kernel-weight than the middle, the contribution to final grain yield was still lower due to smaller kernel number. Variation patterns of TNC and N amounts in kernels of the 3 ear parts during the filling period were similar to those of dry weight, with the middle part having the highest accumulation amounts, followed by lower and upper parts in this order.
Smaller kernel number caused the lower yield of TN 11. Uufilling of the ear-tip of TNG 351 limited its kernel number as well as its sink capacity. Variety TNG Yu 121, without ear-tip unfilling and sharing the same maternal parent with TNG 351, was the highest yielding hybrid in this experiment. Variety CS 711, with insufficient sink as well as source capacities, was lower for both kernel number and 100-kernel-weight. Apparently, kernel-filling characteristics of a variety were determined by its genetic background.
Results of this experiment suggested that kernels on the middle part of the ear are the most important not only for kernel number, kernel weight and filling rate, but also for the final yield contribution. Improvement of the ear-tip unfilling of TNG 351 is also effective, to a limited extent, in increasing the yield.