誘因排擠與原住民部落農業之發展—以臺灣新竹尖石鄉石磊部落為例

Incentives Crowding Out Effect and the Agricultural Development of Indigenous Community: A Case Study in Quri Community, Jianshih Township, Hsinchu County, Taiwan

顏愛靜(Ai-Ching Yen) ； 羅恩加(En-Chia Lo) ； 陳胤安(Yin-An Chen)

《地理學報》 65期 (2012/06) Pp. 53-78

https://doi.org/10.6161/jgs.2012.65.03

摘要

根據誘因理論（incentive theory）要旨，如欲組織成員成為合作的團體，則需建立分配誘因機制（Barnard 1938）；因此，若將外部資源投入某個團體，在具備合宜的分配誘因機制下，方能激發合作的力量，產生集體行動極佳的效果。本文採用誘因排擠及社區集體行動理論，以文獻評析、個案研究、深度訪談、參與觀察等方法，透過對泰雅族石磊部落的案例研究，探討該部落居民有否發生理論所陳述之現象。經研究發現，石磊部落原住民本基於gaga 此種具「共享」內涵的傳統規範性誘因，及特殊親族關係間情感聯繫的社會性內在誘因，而志願參與有機農業共同經營的集體行動，並冀望藉由外部資源的投入，為部落帶來經濟發展的新契機，卻因主事者在受到該外部資源投入的經濟誘因及其他功利性外在誘因影響下，排擠了原有的內在誘因，導致資源分配不均，族人紛爭衝突不斷，有機農業共同經營的集體行動最終以失敗收場。惟嗣後部分族人在傳統規範的反省下，感悟出這些紛爭對部落發展產生的不良衝擊，也因受社會性誘因影響，冀望促成族人共同成長及建立部落永續發展的根基，故自發性的進行自然農法技術及知識的學習與推廣，並經由此種農作方式的推廣，重新建立部落人際關係的網絡，帶動部落將其農作方式改採自然農法施作的集體行動，及逐漸修復族人之間已呈破裂的緊張關係，甚而建構出一個以部落自主治理為基礎的農業推展模式。有鑑於農業仍是原住民部落營生的根基，而現階段的農村與農業發展亦需政府部門的資源投入，是以經由本研究案例的探討，強調任何對部落資源的資助，皆應檢討外部資源投入的時間與運作機制，並建立一個符合部落自主性的共同收益分配與成本分擔的機制，方能使資源更能有效運用，並促進部落穩定的發展。

關鍵字

自然農業 ； 誘因排擠 ； 社區自主治理 ； 原住民 ； 部落發展

並列摘要

According to incentive theory, Barnard (1938) considers that if the leader would like to organise members as a cooperative group, it is necessary to establish distributing incentives mechanism. Therefore, if external resources put into certain group, it must be under appropriate distributing incentives mechanism and then stimulate cooperation and produces the best collective action effect. This study adopted incentive crowding out and community collective action theory, and proceeded to literature review, case studies, in-depth interviews, and participatory observation. Through investigating the case of Tayal Quri Community, this study attempted to explore whether theoretical phenomenon has occurred.Via gradually uncovering, Quri Communal indigenous people were based on 'gaga', the traditional normative incentive which had meaning of 'to share something with all'. Also, they had social internal incentive which was based on specific kinship relationship so that communal members were willing to participate in organic farming by collective action. They wished to develop communal economy by external resource input. However, farm leader was influenced by external resource input, which was economic and utilitarian external incentive, that crowded out primary internal incentive and then led to uneven distribution and conflicts among communal members. It resulted in eventual failure of collective action in organic farm. Fortunately, part of the communal members reflected under traditional norms, realising conflict impacts were against communal development. By the influence of social incentive, they wished to advocate communal members to establish the foundation of communal sustainable development. Afterward communal members spontaneously proceeded to natural farming technique and knowledge learning and promotion. Those communal members re-established community interpersonal relationship network, led to collective action which community adopting natural farming, and recovered fragile relationship among communal members. Eventually, they wished to construct a communal autonomy based agriculture promoting pattern.In consideration of agriculture as the foundation of indigenous community, current rural area and agricultural development also need governmental resource input. Thus, according to the exploration in this study, any resource subsidised to community, is highly considered to review the time and mechanism of external resource putting in. Also, establishing a mechanism which meets communal autonomous common income distribution and cost responsibility is more effectively to utilise resource and promote community development stably.

並列關鍵字

natural farming ； incentive crowding out ； communal autonomous governance ； indigenous people ； community development

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