國家取得人民的私有土地,其方法有很多,惟現行法規及實務之見解,均要求國家應於協議價購不成時,才能進行土地徵收,此為先決條件。在過去,對於人民所有之土地一旦被徵收時,國家多以「財產權」之概念予以填補,並未考量被徵收人其他受憲法保障基本權利之受損情形,甚者,國家的徵收補償價額,往往還遠低於被徵收土地之實際價值,從而引發諸多民怨與學界批判。另一方面,國家在法規與農業政策上宣示應特別保障農業,並確保優良農地與現作耕地儘量避免被徵收,惟從實際的個案中,往往可以發現,被徵收的土地有很大一部分都是農地,甚至在進行強制執行時,被徵收土地上還有未收割之作物。為此,本文將透過文獻回顧與案例分析的方式,探討農業與農地在我國的重要性,政府進行強制徵收行為時,對於農業與農地所造成之衝擊及衍生之法律問題,現行法制是否有其配套解決措施,亦或有任何不足而尚待改進之處。經由大法官歷號解釋意旨,以及相關徵收案件於行政法院判決中所提出之實務見解,加上學界們給予土地徵收制度之批判與改善建議,進行綜合分析研究。最後,本文認為土地徵收除了侵害人民的「財產權」外,尚有受憲法保障的「居住權」、「生存權」與「工作權」,為此,主管機關在評估是否准予土地徵收時,除了補償是否合乎市價以外,尚且應該增加衝擊評估報告以及被徵收人的家戶訪視報告,俾使在進行徵收作業程序前,能將對於人民的侵害降至最低。
There are a lot of ways for governments to obtain lands belonging to people. However, our government must try to buy above-mentioned lands before expropriation procedures in accordance with the Land Expropriation Act. In the past, our government always make some compensation to the owners of lands in the procedure of land expropriation, but neglect other rights of the Constitution belonging to them. Moreover, the compensation which the owners obtained always less then its current market value. It is our national policy which farmlands and special agricultural zones are not subject to expropriation. However, the State frequently expropriate above-mentioned lands for public interest purpose it declared. In addition, the compensation for agriculture improments is the significant issue in the process of expropriation. Based on the introduction of the basic concepts, meaning and real case of land expropriation, this thesis analyses and compares relative legislations and recent reform of the Land Expropriation Act, real cases, and classic judgments from the Supreme Administrative Court. In the conclusion, this thesis brings up the freedom of residence, the right of existence, the right of work shall be guaranteed in the process of land expropriation, the value of expropriated land shall be compensated based on its current market value. Moreover, a land use applicant must evaluate the public interest purpose and necessity of such undertaking and carry out overall evaluation and analysis of landowners and their family, in order to lower the impact of land expropriation.