台灣勞動市場附加工作者效果與怯志工作者效果之分析

本文以台灣勞動參與率及失業率為對象，討論勞動參與及失業兩者的互動，分析勞動者隨性別、教育程度、年齡、地理位置，以及經濟狀態等之差異，對其參與勞動市場意願的影響。透過時間數列與縱橫資料進行的實證指出，整體而言台灣勞動市場存在怯志工作者效果，但若以性別、教育程度、年齡及地理位置進行區分後，男性勞動力、國中及以下教育程度者、青年期與中年期勞動者等具怯志工作者效果，而女性勞動力、高中職教育程度者及壯年期勞動者則為附加工作者效果，至於大專及以上教育程度者則符合失業不變假說觀點。以台灣二十個區域之縱橫資料進行的分析顯示，雖多數區域的結論支持由整體資料獲得之推論，但有部分地區則出現附加工作者效果，甚至與失業不變假說相符。此外隨經濟狀態改變，怯志工作者效果會因景氣收縮而緩和，至於附加工作者效果則依資料屬性不同而有不同變化。

關鍵字

勞動參與率；失業率；怯志工作者效果；附加工作者效果

並列摘要

Employing the labor force participation and unemployment of Taiwan, we study the roles of the characteristics of labor force, such as age, gender, education and location playing in determining the interaction between labor force participation rate and unemployment rate. From the empirical results, we conclude that the overall labour force exhibits discouraged worker effect. However, the relationships between labour force participation and unemployment are varying according to gender, education, age and geographic location. The males, education level with junior high or below, age between 15 and 24 and between 45 and 64 labour force exhibit discouraged worker effect. The females, education level with high school and age between 25 and 44 labour force exhibit added worker effect. The labor force with university education level or higher otherwise coincides with the unemployment invariance hypothesis. Besides, the discouraged worker effect will be lessened during the contraction phase of business cycle and the effect of contraction on the added worker effect will differ according to the characteristics of labor force.