新竹老同安腔閩南語央元音的衰退及元音系統的重整

The Decline of [ǝ], [ɨ] and the Restructuring of the Vowel System of Old Tong'an-Based Southern Min in Hsinchu

陳淑娟(Chen Shu-chuan)

《清華學報》 49卷3期 (2019/09) Pp. 545-576

https://doi.org/10.6503/THJCS.201909_49(3).0005

摘要

新竹市及新豐紅毛港的閩南語屬於新竹老同安腔，兩地現今央元音［ɨ］、［ǝ］消失的次序不同，元音系統的演變趨勢亦不相同。新豐紅毛港部分音類的［ǝ］比［ɨ］保留得更好，［ɨ］比［ǝ］先消失，符合世界元音發展之趨勢。然而新竹市卻是［ǝ］比［ɨ］先消失，此乃因：（1）在面對外地方音的壓力時，同時分布於文讀及白讀層的［ɨ］，比僅分布在白讀層的［ǝ］更為鞏固；（2）〈居艍_文〉類受到華語「留滯作用」的影響，［ɨ］較易保留；（3）為了避免〈刀高_白〉類的展唇音［ɤ］與老泉腔的央中元音〔ǝ〕混淆，促使新竹市的〔ǝ〕比［ɨ］更快消失。當央元音衰退之際，兩地原本的元音系統，因結構不對稱，引發元音系統的重整，新竹市朝／i、e、a、u、ɤ、ɔ／六元音系統演變；新豐紅毛港則朝／i、e、a、u、ɔ／五元音系統演變。

關鍵字

老同安腔 ； 央元音 ； 元音系統 ； 語言接觸 ； 新竹閩南語

並列摘要

This study investigates Old Tong'an 老同安-based Southern Min in Hsinchu city and Xinfeng Hongmaogang 新豐紅毛港. Despite both being Quanzhou-based dialect areas, evidence shows that various factors differentiate the decline of the central vowels [ǝ] and [ɨ] in the two regions. In Xinfeng Hongmaogang, [ǝ] in some rhyme groups is preserved much better than [ɨ], which conforms to the trend of world vowel development. However, in Hsinchu city, [ǝ] disappeared earlier than [ɨ]. Three factors favor this [ɨ] against decline. First, in comparison to [ǝ], which is used only in colloquial readings, the vowel [ɨ], which is rooted in both literary and colloquial readings of the dialect pronunciations, has greater resistance against pressure from other prestige dialect variations. Second, influence from Mandarin pronunciation also contributes to the preservation of [ɨ] in the ＂Ju/Ju _(literary) 居艍_文＂ rhyme group. Third, in order to avoid the confusion of [ɤ] in the ＂Dao/Gao _(colloquial) 刀高_白＂ rhyme group with the Old Quan mid vowel [ǝ], [ǝ] disappeared much faster than [ɨ] in Hsinchu city. In addition, due to the decline of the two mid vowels within the asymmetric structure, the six-vowel system in the two regions has been restructured. Language contact drives the systematic transition to /i, e, a, u, ɤ, ɔ/ in Hsinchu city, while the vowel system in Xinfeng Hongmaogang converges to a five-vowel one (/i, e, a, u, ɔ/).

並列關鍵字

Old Tong'an 老同安-based dialect ； central vowels ； vowel system ； language contact ； Hsinchu Quanzhou-based dialect

參考文獻

洪惟仁 Ang Uijin，〈臺北地區閩南語的方言類型與方言分區〉“Taibei diqu Minnanyu de fangyan leixing yu fangyan fenqu”，《臺灣語文研究》Taiwan yuwen yanjiu，3，臺北 Taipei：2009，頁 239-309。doi: 10.6710/JTLL.200901_(3).0012

洪惟仁 Ang Uijin，〈臺灣西北海岸的語言分布與閩客互動〉“Taiwan xibei hai’an de yuyan fenbu yu Min Ke hudong”，《臺灣語文研究》Taiwan yuwen yanjiu，6.2，臺北Taipei：2011，頁 29-64。doi: 10.6710/JTLL.201109_6(2).0004

許世融 Hsu Shih-rong，〈語言學與族群史的對話──以臺灣西北海岸為例〉“Yuyanxue yu zuqunshi de duihua: yi Taiwan xibei hai’an wei li”，《臺灣語文研究》Taiwan yuwen yanjiu，6.2，臺北 Taipei：2011，頁 65-95。doi: 10.6710/JTLL.201109_6(2).0005

陳淑娟 Chen Shu-chuan、杜佳倫 Tu Chia-lun，〈臺北市泉腔閩南語央元音的變異與變化〉“Taibeishi Quanqiang Minnanyu yangyuanyin de bianyi yu bianhua”，《臺大中文學報》Taida zhongwen xuebao，35，臺北 Taipei：2011，頁 329-370。doi: 10.6281/NTUCL.2011.35.09

Flemming, Edward. “Contrast and Perceptual Distinctiveness,” in B. Hayes, R. Kirchner, and D. Steriade (eds.), Phonetically Based Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 232-276. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486401.008