The cross-strait situation regarding agricultural development has changed significantly in the past sixty years. Based on the contribution of the agri-sector to macro social-economic development, agricultural development is divided into different phases. Agricultural policy could be broken down into land reform (1949-1972), incentive growth (1973-2001), and entering WTO (since 2002) stages in Taiwan. For Mainland China these three periods correspond to the pre-reform (1949-1978), reform (1978-2001), and entering WTO (since 2001) periods. This article used economic, social, environmental, and institutional indicators to explore the bicoastal agricultural development issues. Thus, this research proposed some essential policy suggestions, including expanding agricultural multifunctions, improving the educational level in rural areas, enhancing R&D and agricultural extension, developing Farmers' Associations, enabling the agri-market system and securing farm income, and reinforcing agricultural cooperation between Taiwan and Mainland China.