客家話的短時貌標記「下」－從動量詞到狀態／程度補語標記

Short-Term Marker Ha6 in Hakka: Development from a Verb Measure to a Manner/Degree Complement Marker

江敏華(Min-Hua Chiang)

《臺大中文學報》 43期 (2013/12) Pp. 177-179+181-210

https://doi.org/10.6281/NTUCL.2013.12.43.05

摘要

本文探討臺灣客語的短時貌及其相關用法。臺灣客語的短時貌兼用動詞重疊與詞綴附加手段，而此附加的詞綴「啊」即來源於動量詞「下」。由於「下」的虛化程度頗高，與真正的動量詞用法已有明顯的形式及意義上的分化，但透過「啊」與「下」的音義對應、方言比較及文獻考察，本文能夠證明臺灣客家話及許多客家話文獻曾描述到的去聲「啊」字即為動量詞「下」。同時，由於短時貌的「下」在形式及意義上的虛化，也產生了其他漢語方言的動量詞較少見的用法，包括反覆貌、緊密先前貌、位移終點標記及狀態或程度補語標記等，本文將探討這些由短時貌「下」所發展而來的相關用法，並說明其語法化演變途徑。

關鍵字

短時貌 ； 動量詞 ； 緊密先前貌 ； 補語標記 ； 語法化

並列摘要

This article discusses the form of short-term aspect and its related usages in Taiwan Hakka, The short-term aspect in Taiwan Hakka is expressed by both verb reduplication and affixation, and the suffix 'a6' attached to the verb is believed to derive from the verb measure ”ha6”(下). Being highly grammaticalized, ”ha6”(下) as a short-term marker has already differed from that as a verb measure in the forms and meanings. However, through evidences from the phonological and semantic correspondence between ”a6” and ”ha6”(下), from dialectal comparisons, and from documental investigations, it is argued that ”a6” in Taiwan Hakka, which has also been mentioned in many other Hakka descriptions, is derived from the verb measure ”ha6” (下), In addition, the short-term marker ”a6” has developed some related usages which are rarely found in the verb measure ”ha6” of other Sinitic dialects. These related usages include the repetitive marker, the immediate anterior marker, the goal marker, and the manner or degree complement market. This essay probes into these related usages developing from the short-term marker ”ha6”, and explains their evolutionary path of grammaticalization.

並列關鍵字

short-term markers ； verb measure ； immediate anterior markers ； complement markers ； grammaticalization

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