論清濁別義及四聲別義在客家話中的表現

On the Reflections of Voicing/Devoicing Alternation and Tonal Alternation in Hakka

江敏華(Chiang, Min-hua)

《國文學報》 65期 (2019/06) Pp. 43-73

https://doi.org/10.6239/BOC.201906_(65).02

摘要

「清濁別義」與「四聲別義」是古漢語常見的構詞方式，這種古漢語現象在現代方言中也多少留下痕跡。本文透過客家話內部次方言的比較，找出客家話同源詞中具有明確語義或詞性區別的組合，歸納出四種較常見的音義交替類型：（一）上聲的清濁交替，清上表使動。（二）去聲清聲母與平聲濁聲母的交替，清去表使動。（三）清濁交替，清聲母為動作動詞，濁聲母為狀態動詞。（四）清濁交替，清聲母為動詞，濁聲母為名詞。客家話的清濁別義及四聲別義如今已固著於詞彙中，不再能產，但所構成的交替類型可能保留在客家話的不同次方言中，造成表面上的不規則對應，本文以實例說明探討古形態變化在現代客家話中的表現，有助於解釋客家話語音對應規則的例外。

關鍵字

客家話 ； 清濁別義 ； 四聲別義 ； 四縣 ； 海陸

並列摘要

Voicing/devoicing alternation and tonal alternation are two common types of morphology in Ancient Chinese, and these morphological phenomena had left some traces in modern dialects more or less. This article manages to find out the pairs of Hakka cognates that exhibit alternations conditioned by meanings or grammatical categories and sums up four types of alternations: (1) the alternation of voiced Shang and voiceless Shang, and voiceless Shang indicates causative. (2) The alternation of voiceless Qu and voiced Ping, and the voiceless Qu indicates causative. (3) When voiced/voiceless alternation occurs, voiceless initials are identified as action verbs, and voiced initials are identified as state verbs. (4) When voiced/voiceless alternation occurs, voiceless initials would be verbs, and voiced initials would be nouns. Nowadays voicing/devoicing alternation and tonal alternation in Hakka have been fixed in the lexicon and can't be productive anymore, but the morphology in the types of alternations would probably be retained in different subdialects of Hakka, and cause the irregular correspondences on the surface. This article explores examples the reflections of ancient morphological alternations in modern Hakka, which help to explain some exceptions to the rules of sound correspondences in Hakka.

並列關鍵字

Hakka ； voicing/devoicing alternation ； tonal alternation ； Sixian ； Hailu

參考文獻

江敏華Chiang Minhua：〈客家話的短時貌標記「下」──從動量詞到狀態／程度補語標記〉“Short-Term Marker Ha6 in Hakka: Development from a Verb Measure to a Manner/Degree Complement Marker”，《臺大中文學報》Bulletin of the Department of Chinese Literature N.T.U.第43期（2013年12月），頁177-210。DOI：10.6281/NTUCL.2013.12.43.05

楊秀芳Yang Hsiufang：〈論「穿著」義動詞「上」及其在閩語的反映〉“The Shang 'To Put On' and Its Reflection in Modern Min Chinese”，《臺大中文學報》Bulletin of the Department of Chinese Literature National Taiwan University第54期（2016年9月），頁1-58。DOI：10.6281/NTUCL.2016.09.54.01

龔煌城Gong Hwangcherng：〈從漢語的比較看上古漢語的詞頭問題〉“Prefixes in Old Chinese from the perspective of Sino-Tibetan comparative studies ”，《語言暨語言學》Language and Linguistics第1卷第2期（2000年），頁39-62。DOI：10.29753/CP.200011.0016又收錄於《龔煌城漢藏語比較研究論文集》Sino-Tibetan Comparative Linguistics: Collection of Papers by Professor Hwang-cherng Gong（臺北Taipei：中央研究院語言學研究所Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica，2011年），頁165-186。

賴文英Lai Wenying：《臺灣客語語法導論》Tai Wan Ke Yu Yu Fa Dao Lun（臺北Taipei：臺大出版中心National Taiwan University Press，2015年）。DOI：10.6327/NTUPRS-9789863500636

漢•鄭玄Zheng Xuan注，唐•孔穎達Kong Yingda疏：《禮記正義》Li Ji Zheng Yi（臺北市Taipei：臺灣古籍出版公司Taiwan Guji，2001年）。