客家話“打”字語法化初探

The Grammaticalization of 'Ta' in Hakka

邱湘雲(Hsiang-Yun Chiu)

《國文學誌》 16期 (2008/06) Pp. 75-103

摘要

「語法化」是現代語法學上一大主題，有關現代漢語（華語）語法化的研究甚多，然而有關方言（尤其是客方言）語法化相對來看卻較少有人作過專章研究。
現代漢語中「打」字的義項最多，本文歸納客家話帶「打－」詞語，發現「打」在客家話裡除作動詞以外，還有形容詞、副詞、量詞、介詞及連詞等特殊用法，除此之外它還進一步語法化爲動作標記或虛化爲詞綴，並由詞綴與詞根融合而鑄成新詞，帶「打－」詞語的各類用法顯現語法化的完整過程，所形成的相關詞語也豐富了漢語的詞彙語料庫。
本文擬從歷史語言學、語義學及語法等平面來探討客家話「打」字用法的演變脈絡，從中可以看到：客語「打」一字而多義，詞義範疇日益擴大，語法化程度較深，詞彙用法靈活，展現了客家方言獨具的特色，而由其語法化歷程也可照見方言詞彙發展和華語的異同所在。

關鍵字

客家話 ； 語法化 ； 方言 ； 打

並列摘要

The study of ”Grammaticalization” is becoming hotter and hotter in Chinese grammar field in recent years, but it's a pity that it lacks grammar research of dialects. This article will study the grammaticalization prosess of dialect. We will take 'ta' of Hakka of Taiwan as an example. In this study, we examine the functions of 'ta' in Hakka and discuss these various uses in relation to its grammaticalization development.
First, we will do a retrospect to the theory of ”Grammaticalization”, the state 'ta' usage in the historical language, then analyse the vocabulary and grammar of 'ta' behave in Hakka. Secondly, we will talk about its structure form：the development from a virb into a marker. Finally we will take it to compare with mandarin and Minnan language.
By historical language material, we know the grammaticalization of 'ta' should start on Tang, it is the same time of Hakka when it takes place. Not merely can conclude the era of Hakka by the pronunciation,we can also find out the era and the language characteristic of Hakka by vocabulary and grammar.

並列關鍵字

Hakka ； grammaticalization ； ta ； Chinese dialect

參考文獻

刁晏斌(2005)。當代漢語語法化論略。通化師範學院學報。2005(1)

中研院漢籍電子文獻〈瀚典全文檢索系統〉: http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/ftmsw3

王力(1987)。中國現代語法。台北:藍燈文化出版社。

王燦龍(2005)。詞彙化二例─兼談辭彙化和語法化的關係。當代語言學。2005(3)

伍稼青(1979)。打雅。台北:文海書局。