天人之際：論黃宗羲對於天、上帝與魂魄的詮釋

本文從天人之際論述黃宗羲對天、上帝與魂魄的詮釋，並回應在中西學交流層面上尚存的爭議。天與上帝為同一對象的不同名稱，以天稱之，表現天的自然面向；而以帝稱之，則表現人格面向。據此，本文認為泛神論與西學皆無法充分說明天，且帝名與關於上帝的描述主源自《詩經》，因此透過帝名來指稱的對象，實際上是《詩經》所言的那位上帝，隨帝名而起的天堂意象，也實指《詩經》的天堂意象。其次基於天人分際，本文認為聖賢與愚凡人間有著弱義的天人分際，故聖賢之精神可長存，而愚凡人魂終歸氣散。因此，黃宗羲人魂觀與西學靈魂不朽的主張，有著絕對的差異。不過，黃宗羲也有區分人物之性的看法，相似西學三魂說，或可作為進一步對話之場域。

關鍵字

黃宗羲；天；上帝；魂魄；西學

並列摘要

This article discusses Huang Zongxi's interpretations of tian, shangdi, and hunpo based on the correlation between heaven and man, aiming to respond to the disputes concerning the relationship between Confucianism and Christianity. Tian and shangdi are different terms for the same reality: tian represents its natural aspect, while shangdi represents its personal aspect. This article argues that both pantheism and Christianity fail to account for the meaning of tian. Moreover, shangdi is a term borrowed from the Shijing that refers to the shangdi in the Shijing, and hence the associated image of heaven also refers to the image of heaven in the Shijing. Based on the division of heaven and man, this article also argues that in a weak sense there is still a division between the sages and the normal people. The spirits of the sages can live on, while the hunpo of the normal people are mortal. Thus, there is an absolute difference between the mortality of hunpo in Huang Zongxi’s works and the immortality of soul in Christianity. However, corresponding to the concept of soul in Christianity, Huang Zongxi has a similar view about xing, which may be a platform for further dialogues between Confucianism and Christianity.