施肥對輪作田有機水稻及蔬菜生產之影響

Influence of Fertilization on Rotated Organic Rice and Vegetable

蔡永暭(Yuong-How Tsai)

《高雄區農業改良場研究彙報》 17卷2期 (2006/12) Pp. 1-18

https://doi.org/10.6958/RBKDAIS.200612.0001

摘要

本試驗設置於高雄區農業改良場旗南分場和興有機農場，試驗期間自民國90年春作起至95年春作止，共計五年。田間分為堆肥種類及堆肥用量兩組試驗，堆肥種類以M0、MA、MB、MC、MD為處理代號，堆肥用量以N0，N1、N2、N3、N4為處理代號。N1－N4代表施用氮推薦用量的倍數，M0及N0均為無肥區，並以化肥區CK為對照，每組試驗均為六處理，每處理面積0.05公頃。供試作物，春作為水稻，夏作為水稻、田菁或黃秋葵，秋作為蔬菜。試驗目的是探討長期施用堆肥對不同耕作模式下有機農作物生產之影響。試驗結果顯示，水稻產量，春作以N4區最高，夏作以N2區最高，但經濟效益，春作以N2區最高，夏作則以無肥區最高，各年度表現大致相同。適用的堆肥種類，春作以高氮含量堆肥（MC及MD），夏作以低氮含量堆肥（MA及MB）為佳。米質食味分析，顯示食味與稻米的蛋白質含量有明顯的負相關，但與堆肥用量的相關性不高，反而與期作及品種有相關性。夏作黃秋葵，施用堆肥後大部分均減產，施肥效益低，不推薦施用堆肥。秋作大頭菜及甘藍的施肥反應非常明顯，但各堆肥區的反應，卻與前作土地利用及施用堆肥的含氮量有關，前作種植水稻區，後作蔬菜的產量表現不穩定。與化肥區比較，大部分堆肥區均明顯減產，僅高氮含量堆肥區（MC及MD）才會增產，而前作種植旱作物區（黃秋葵或田菁），後作蔬菜產量表現較為穩定，大部分堆肥區均可增產，且產量及經濟效益均以N2區最高。每年以N2量施肥後，堆肥氮殘留於土壤的比率，與施用的堆肥種類有關，纖維質較高的MA及MB堆肥較高，分別為58％及54％，而纖維質較低的MC及MD堆肥較低，則為19％及39％。

關鍵字

有機農法 ； 堆肥 ； 水稻 ； 蔬菜

並列摘要

The purpose of this experiment was to study the impact of long-term fertilizer application on the yields of organic farming crops under different farming management. The experiment was conducted at Ho Xing Organic Farm in Chi Nan branch, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station. The experiment has been carried out for five years, since spring 2001 to summer 2006. The farmlands were divided into two experimental groups, which are based on the types and the rates of compost. The types of composts are marked as M0, MA, MB, MC, and MD, on the other hands, the different application rates of composts is marked as N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4. Based on the recommendation rate of N of the crop planted, N1, N2, N3, and N4 represented one, two, three, and four times of recommendation rate of N, respectively. M0 and N0 are no fertilizer-treated plots and CK is chemical fertilizer treatment, respectively. The plot size was 0.05 ha without replication. The crops studied included a spring rice, a summer rice, a sesbania or an okra, and a autumn vegetable within one year. The result shows that the yields of spring rice of N4 treatment were the highest among different treatments. As for summer rice, the highest yield was found in N2 treatment. However, the economic profit of N2 spring rice was the highest, and that of summer rice of non-fertilizer treatment was the highest. Owing to high N content, the MC and MD composts were adequate for applying to spring crops. On the contrary, MA and MB that contain lower N are suitable for summer crops. There was a negative relationship between the taste and the protein content of the rice, and there was no significant relationship between the taste and the application rates of compost. However, there was a good relationship between the quality of rice and the planting seasons or crop species.Generally speaking, the economic profit of summer okra lowered as composts were applied instead of chemical fertilizer. Therefore, compost is not recommended for this crop. The response of autumn cabbage and kale turnip to compost applied was significant. However, the degree of response was related to the previous farming management and the amount of N applied with the compost.The yields of autumn vegetable were unstable after the summer rice. Compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, the yields of autumn vegetable of most compost treatments lowered significantly. Owing to the high N contents, MC and MD composts resulted in high yields of autumn vegetable. Instead of planting summer rice, planting okra or sesbania as summer crop resulted in rather stable yields of autumn vegetables. In general, most of compost treatments were able to increase the yields as compared with the chemical fertilizer treatment; furthermore, N2 treatment resulted in the highest yields and also economic profit. For each year, the percentages of compost N remained in the soil after harvesting in N2 treatment were related to the types of compost applied. Owing to high carbon content of MA and MB composts, 58% and 54% of N applied were remained in the soil after the harvesting of crops for MA and MB, respectively. In contrast, 19% and 39%, respectively, of N were remained in soil for MC and MD in which the C contents were low.

並列關鍵字

Organic farming ； Composts ； Rice ； Vegetables