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民主社會中的公民德行與公民教育-教育哲學角度的省思

Civic Virtues and Citizenship Education in Democratic Society-A Perspective from Philosophy of Education

摘要


臺灣從1990年代起逐漸從威權體制往民主轉型,歷經總統直選,三次政黨輪替,臺灣已經被西方政治學者與媒體公認是個民主鞏固的社會。在這個過程中,臺灣也經歷了相當頻繁的社會運動與教育改革,社會逐漸邁向多元而開放。可是不可諱言的,臺灣社會並未因政治的民主化,而邁向安和樂利、祥和穩定的社會;反而因為野心政客與媒體名嘴的操弄,臺灣社會的貧富差距拉大,族群與世代間的對立加劇,國家認同錯亂而分裂,政治上的鬥爭與仇恨語言也迄未停休。面對民主化之後臺灣社會的亂象與紛擾,不少人會認為有必要來加強公民的素質教育,從年輕一代開始重塑民主社會公民的德行與核心價值觀,才有可能從根本上解決民主政治現有的問題癥結與意識形態嚴重的對立。因此,本文將先從源頭來探究公民概念與公民教育的原始意義,然後再從教育哲學的角度,特別是杜威的教育民主觀,宏觀地省察民主的真諦與民主社會的建構,進而探究如何建構民主社會中的公民教育,以及民主社會應培養哪些公民德行。本文嘗試從教育哲學的角度出發,來省思一個理想的民主社會究竟要如何透過公民教育的推行來建構。而經過這樣的探討,本文最主要的發現是:民主社會的公民教育絕對不能淪為意識型態的灌輸,而應該採用蘇格拉底式的啟發教學法來達成。

關鍵字

公民德行 公民教育 民主 杜威 教育哲學

並列摘要


In this paper we shall first inquire into the origin of the concept of citizen and citizenship education which dated back to the ancient Greek times. We shall then examine the meaning of democracy and the construction of a democratic society from the perspective of philosophy of education, especially from the conception of democratic education of John Dewey. Next we shall explore how an ideal democratic society is built by means of citizenship education from the perspective of philosophy of education, and how citizenship education is to be carried out through the development of individual autonomy, civic virtues and civic dispositions in a democratic society. Finally, we shall conclude our paper with some reflection on the current situation of citizenship education in Taiwan.

參考文獻


Aristotle. The Politics. Trans. by T. A. Sinclair. Revised & re-presented by Trevor J. Saunders. London: Penguin Books, 1981.
Cohen, C. Democracy. New York: The Free Press, 1971.
Dagger, R. Civic Virtues: Rights, Citizenship, and Republican Liberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Dahl, R. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1971.
Dewey, J. Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan, 1916/1963.

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