康有為的《論語注》與「發明孔教」－－以對朱子的批評為線索

Kang Youwei's Annotations of The Analects of Confucius and His Reconstruction of Confucianism: Taking His Criticism of Zhu Xi as a Clue

馬永康(Yongkang MA)

《哲學與文化》 46卷9期 (2019/09) Pp. 145-159

摘要

康有為自稱其《論語注》等經著的目的是「發明孔教」，使孔子之道走出宋明儒學的「割地」而回復「大統之地」，繼續發揮範導社會發展的作用。《論語注》主要以朱子為對手，較集中反映出他與宋明儒學的分歧。他在注解中批評朱子受蔽於曾子的守約以及劉歆的偽亂，從而未能闡發《論語》的微言大義。他批評曾子守約，斷言《論語》只為曾子後學纂輯而傳曾學，貶抑《論語》的價值以及極力反對推尊曾子，並嚴分今古文，排斥古文，進而致力闡發大同、神明、仁、命等「微義」，以重建孔教的社會政治維度及接納部分宗教性的內容。儘管他的注解通過武斷的方式為孔教載入了大量的社會政治、價值等內容而為人詬病，但仍不乏值得深思的看法。

關鍵字

康有為 ； 論語注 ； 孔教 ； 朱子 ； 微言大義

並列摘要

Kang Youwei claimed that the purpose of his works on Confucian classics, such as Annotations of The Analects of Confucius, was to reconstruct Confucius' Dao (way), so that it could be free from ＂the cede territories＂ state of Neo-Confucianism, and return to Confucian ＂unified state＂ to continue playing the role of norm and guidance for China's development. Mainly in opposition to Zhu Xi's thought, his Annotations of The Analects of Confucius condenses his disagreement with Neo-Confucianism. In the annotations, he criticized Zhu Xi as not only being restricted by Zengzi's thought of personal moral cultivation, but also deceived by Liu Xin's mixing new text classics with old text, which made him fail to elucidate the sublime words with deep meaning in The Analects. He attacked Zengzi's thought, and asserted that The Analects of Confucius was edited only by Zengzi's disciples and was expressing Zengzi's thought, so that he devalued its significance and strongly opposed Zhu Xi and others Neo-Confucians who had emphasized the importance of Zengzi. Meanwhile, he insisted in rejecting the old text by distinguishing it from the new text in The Analects. Based on those ideas, he tried to reconstruct the socio-political dimension of Confucianism and accept some religious content that attracts common people by focusing on the elucidation of Datong (Great harmony), Shenming (spirit / soul), Ren (benevolence), and Ming (fate). Although he has often been criticized for his arbitrary explanations, by which he could bring social political system, values, etc. into Confucianism in his annotations, many of his thoughts are still worthy of consideration.

並列關鍵字

Kang Youwei ； Annotations of the Analects of Confucius ； Confucianism ； Zhu Xi ； Sublime Words with Deep Meaning

參考文獻

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