1948年長春戰役－以國民黨政府為中心的考察

1948年的長春已成為東北地區國共內戰角力的最前線。長春自是年5月下旬至10月下旬，遭遇共軍的圍困，造成了大量平民「非正常」死亡。既往研究多著力於死亡人數的探討、或是意識形態的爭執，鮮少論及戰爭本身。本文利用國史館、中國第二歷史檔案館等機構所藏相關檔案文獻，結合回憶錄、口述等資料，考察1948年長春戰役期間國民政府及行憲後的中華民國政府（以下概稱國府）決策與因應的得失。本文認為，長春之所以孤懸東北前線，與國府高層的戰略失誤有莫大關聯。是年5月下旬，大房身機場失陷之前，長春城內早已糧彈不足，而且防務亦存在重大缺陷。遭共軍圍困初期，長春守軍尚能通過有限的空投與城外走私獲得補給；但隨著共軍包圍圈逐日緊密，流向城內的物資日益稀少。國府雖採取了頒布「戰時糧食管制辦法」、發行大額本票、疏散城內人口等措施，以圖掌握城內有限的糧食資源。但因國軍無法從軍事層面取得突破性進展，終究難以解決補給的根本問題。隨著10月21日第一兵團司令鄭洞國向共軍投降，歷時近半年的長春圍困戰，終以國軍慘敗而告終。

關鍵字

長春；國共內戰；國民政府；鄭洞國；蔣介石

並列摘要

In 1948, Changchun had become the forefront of the Guomindang-Communist struggle in Northeast China. The siege of Changchun by the Communist army began in late May and ended in October, causing a large number of ＂unnatural＂ civilian deaths. Previous studies often focused on the death toll or the ideological disputes, and rarely discussed the campaign itself. This article intends to use relevant archival materials at institutions such as Academia Historica in Taipei and the Second Historical Archives of China in Nanjing, combined with memoirs and oral histories, to investigate the military decisions and responses made by the Nationalist's Government (i.e., the government of Republic of China after the enactment of the Constitution) during the Changchun Siege in 1948. This article argues that the reason Changchun was left alone on the defense line in the Northeast was closely related to strategic mistakes made by high-level Guomindang officials. Before the fall of Dafangshen Airport in late May, Changchun had already suffered not only a shortage of food and arms, but also major deficiencies in its defense. At the beginning of the siege, the Nationalist army in Changchun still was able to obtain supplies through limited airdrops and smugglings from outside the city, but as the Communist army tightened its encirclement daily, the materials flowing into the city became increasingly scarce. Although the Nationalists, in an attempt to extract the limited food resources in the city, adopted measures such as promulgating wartime food control measures, issuing large promissory notes and evacuating the people from the city, they were unable to make military breakthroughs in the campaign and thus ultimately failed to fundamentally solve the problems of provision. With the surrender of First Regiment's commander Zheng Dongguo to the People's Liberation Army on October 21, the Changchun campaign that had lasted for nearly half a year ended in the government's disastrous defeat.