國共內戰時期蘇南地區佛教發展狀況－以經懺佛事為中心（1945-1949）

Buddhism During the Civil War: The Buddhist Ritual Service in Southern Jiangsu, 1945-1949

劉瓊(Qiong Liu)

《國史館館刊》 75期 (2023/03) Pp. 93-95+97-140

摘要

1945年8月15日，苦熬八年的中國人終於等到了日本的投降。關於日本投降後到中華人民共和國建立之前的中國佛教史，亦即國共內戰時期的佛教狀況，現有的研究成果很少。內戰時期絕大多數寺廟和普通僧尼如何生存，他們賴以為生的經懺佛事受到怎樣的影響，仍然有許多探索的空間。戰後兩年，對倖存的感恩、對亡者的思念和對未來的恐慌，導致蘇南人民的宗教熱情空前高漲，進香拜懺等宗教信仰活動迎來了高潮。然而，歡慶的餘波尚未停歇，國共雙方在東北、華北一帶再起戰爭。大量僧尼逃難江南。1949年4月共產黨發起渡江戰役之前，兩黨的戰場一直在長江以北，蘇南各地並未直接受到戰火的衝擊。但是，戰爭仍然從多個層面影響到蘇南僧尼的生活。國共雙方在情報、工運等各領域的暗鬥，使蘇南僧尼生活和經懺佛事受到消極影響。不過僧尼也不是完全被裹挾在歷史大潮中而毫無能動性。國共兩黨利用寺廟和僧尼作掩護工具，僧尼也利用兩黨的鬥爭爭取自己的利益。在物質利益、政治認知和宗教信仰糾纏混雜的時期，平衡物質收入和宗教修行變得無比艱難。

關鍵字

蘇南 ； 國共內戰 ； 佛教 ； 寺廟 ； 經懺佛事

並列摘要

Few studies exist on the history of Buddhism in Mainland China between the surrender of Japan in 1945 and the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. How Chinese temples and ordinary monks and nuns survived during the Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Communists, and how Buddhist ritual service, which most monks and nuns depended on for a living, were affected by the conflicts are questions worthy exploring. In the initial two years after the end of the Sino-Japanese War, grateful for their own survival, mourning the dead and fearful for the future, people in southern Jiangsu experienced an unprecedented religious fervor. Religious activities such as pilgrimage, worship, and request for Buddhist ritual service rapidly increased. Before this popular enthusiasm receded, however, the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party resumed their fighting in Northeast and North China. A large number of monks and nuns flooded to Jiangnan for shelter. Prior to the Communist forces crossing the Yangtze River in April 1949, the battlefield between the two parties remained in north of the River and most parts of southern Jiangsu were not directly affected by the war. Nevertheless, the conflict still affected the lives of monks and nuns in the area in many ways. The struggle between the two sides in intelligence operation and labor movement, for example, had negatively affected the life of monks and nuns in southern Jiangsu. Meanwhile, monks and nuns were not completely passive in the current of events and lost all initiatives. As the Kuomintang and the Communists used Buddhist temples as their covers, the monks and nuns were also taking advantage of the battles to benefit themselves. Balancing religious beliefs and considerations of income became increasingly difficult at a time when material interests, political attitude, and religious practice were closely intertwined.

並列關鍵字

Southern Jiangsu ； Civil War ； Buddhism ； Buddhist Temples ； Buddhist Ritual Service

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