論明仁宗的求言納諫

Discussion about the Tolerance of the Emperor Jen-Tsong, Ming Dynasty

朱鴻(Hung Chu)

《教學與研究》 17期 (1995/06) Pp. 169-207

https://doi.org/10.6250/TR.1995.17.9

摘要

明代君主，仁宗最有盛德，仁宗能成其德治，在於有人君度量。最能表現仁宗度量者，厥為其能汲汲求言，接納諫諍，並勇於改過。仁宗屢頒求言之詔，但成效不如預期的好，主要原因有三：（1）永樂朝百官不敢言事的政風，一時間難以改變。（2）仁宗賦於某些閣部大臣密封言事之權，也希望臣下密疏，此種作風與公開直言的要求相悖。（3）仁宗對大臣的建言，無法做到完全的含容，也令臣工對求言之詔採取謹慎保留的態度。縱使如此，仁宗的不吝改過與楊士奇再三直言的作風，使洪熙朝的求言納諫顯示了高度的政治意義。仁宗確實做到「從善轉圜，改過不吝」。惟仁宗的改過遷善，實得力於楊士奇的直言敢諫。士奇遇事不妥協必定直諫到底的作風，也使內閣的權力似乎在仁宗時突然增大，其實同在內閣的楊榮與金幼孜，此時頗為沈默，其對君主的影響力反不若永樂時期。因此，緣於士奇個人行事作風的因素，造成與部院大臣的衝突，以及因士奇得仁宗信任之專，在議事方面仁宗常採納士奇之意見而黜部院大臣之主張，恐不宜過度的解釋為此時期閣部衝突已起，甚至認為閣權已經超過了六御。

關鍵字

明仁宗 ； 楊士奇 ； 內閣 ； 密疏

並列摘要

The Emperor Jen-Tsong is the fouth Emperor of the Ming Dynasty with only one year ruling period (Aug. 1424-May 1425). Because of his distinguished method of reign in comparison to his father, the Emperor Cheng-Tsu, Jen-Tsong became an important figure in the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.After the Emperor Jen-Tsong came to power he wanted to become tolerant of criticism by expressively revealing to work out his weakness and asked his vassals to advise him. His method changed the policy of silence in the Yunglo period and built up a milestone for the policy of morality in the Jen-Hsuan period.According to discussion on this text we come to the following conclusions.1. Jen-Tsong is quite tolerant to accept any direct criticism from his vassals. He did not even listen to the criticism but also frankly admit his faults and accordingly correct his behaviour and policy.2. Jen -Tsong allowed some of his vassals to advise him by secret letters and liked to receive indirect suggestions, which is not conformable to his willing to be .frankly tolerant.3. Yang Shi-Chi is the only vassal during Jen-Tsong period to advise the Emperor directly thus he is the only person with influence on the Emperor. But nevertheless we cannot assume that the importance of the Nei-Ko is higher than the Ministries during that time.

並列關鍵字

Ming Jen-Tsong ； Yang Shi-chi ； Nei-Ko ； secret letters