傳世《寒山詩集》中禪詩作者考辨

傳世《寒山詩集》所收三百多首詩，其風格和內容之駁雜，早已為衆所周知。許多學者先後對這些詩是否出自同一作者提出懷疑，但由於資料匱乏，至今尚未有人能夠令人信服地考證出其他作者。本文以《寒山詩集》中的五十餘首禪詩為研究對象，在有關學者研究的基礎上，通過內容和形式兩方面的對比分析，並結合大量原始資料進行嚴密考證，以較充分證據說明這些禪詩主要體現禪宗洪州宗、石頭宗二系的思想，並大量採用中、晚唐時此二系禪僧機鋒對答的慣用語，其語音和用韻方式也較接近晚唐人；其真正作者不是寒山，而是禪宗曹洞宗的創始人之一曹山本寂(840-901)。本寂曾撰《對寒山子詩》，其形式為以詩注詩；這些作為注釋的詩後來與原詩相混，成為我們今天在《寒山詩集》中所看到的這一部分獨具特色的禪詩。本文附帶考論閭丘胤序及拾得詩亦為本寂所編造依託。

關鍵字

寒山；寒山詩集；禪詩作者；曹山本寂；對寒山子詩

並列摘要

The styles and contents of the more than three hundred poems in the Collected Poems of Hanshan are extremely heterogeneous. Scholars have doubted that all the poems were written by the same author, but as yet no one has been able to ascertain other names. This article examines the more than fifty Chan poems in the collection. Those poems express the doctrines of the Hongzhou and Shitou Schools of Chan Buddhism, employ many conventional phrases of ””encounter dialogue'' used by Chan monks of the two lineages, and display a late-Tang rhyme scheme. Those works should be attributed not to Hanshan but to Caoshan Benji (840-901), one of the founders of the Caodong School of Chan Buddhism in the late Tang. Benji compiled the Annotation on Poems of Hanshan, in which he used his own poems to annotate those of Hanshan. Later, those poems of annotation intermingled with the original ones to shape what we have come to see in the Collected Poems of Hanshan today. In addition, this article proposes that the preface attributed to Luqiu Yin and the poems attributed to Shide were also forged by Benji.