從技職二元邁向生涯多元－談德國技術職業教育對臺灣技職教育的啟示

An Analysis on the German Dual System and Its Implications for Vocational Education in Taiwan

陳怡容(I-Jung Chen) ； 徐明志(Ming-Juh Shyu)

《中等教育》 60卷2期 (2009/06) Pp. 82-97

https://doi.org/10.6249/SE.2009.60.2.06

摘要

德國是技職教育相當發達的國家，以獨特的二元制職業教育，吸引政府和民間企業相互合作，在基本學養和職業技能上得以均衡發展，使學生大都能在畢業後便立即投入職場，因而成為學生選讀的重要升學管道，也使得這種讓學用相互結合的技職教育，廣泛獲得世界各國的重視與仿效。
我國的技職教育，以往曾擔綱促使臺灣經濟發展的重要角色，但長期以來一直都是學生就讀的第二選擇，不論升學與就業都明顯低於普通教育，難以持續發揮促進國家發展的功能，若能與德國技職教育的成功經驗相互參照，或可據以調整方針以再造顛峰。
為能探知德國技職教育的精髓，本文藉由深入剖析德國技職教育的演進、學徒制與二元制的發展、職業訓練辦理的現況與挑戰，以及職業教育與訓練的未來展望，提出定位技職教育角色、鼓勵教師專業成長、著重能力本位教學、落實職業證照制度、分配合理教育資源，以及重視技職政策調整等對我國職業教育辦理的啟示，以作為研擬提昇臺灣技職教育成效作法的參考。

關鍵字

技職教育 ； 德國二元制 ； 職業訓練 ； 證照制度

並列摘要

Germany's vocational education is renowned for its dual system, which successfully integrates both academic instructions and occupational trainings. This dual training, which features collaboration between academic institutions and enterprises, equips students with necessary skills for immediate working on the job upon commencement from schools. The dual system attracts almost 60 percent of school-goers in due age.
In contrast, vocational schools in Taiwan are positioned way behind regular education institutions as a matter of choice by students, despite the crucial role it plays in human resource which supply for private sectors. The underdog status of vocational education system undermines its contribution to the national development. Taking reference from the successful story of its Germany counterpart may help strengthen the competitive edge for its students in the job market.
This paper aims to explore the dual system of vocational education and training (VET) in Germany. History, present situation, new challenges, and prospect of future development of German VET are discussed. The vocational educations of Germany and Taiwan are also compared in terms of the overall system design, resource allocation, training of trainers, and license requirements. The authors propose the following perspectives as reference for Taiwan's future development of vocational education, including identifying the role of vocational education in overall educational and career development, encouraging professional development of the instructors and trainers, emphasizing competence-based instruction, establishing effective certification system, allocating adequate resources for vocational education, and attending vocational education policy updating. The discussion is aimed to shed lights on the improvement of vocational education in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

vocational education ； dual system ； occupational training ； certification

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林俊彥()。