彭真在1957年整風、「反右派」運動中的角色與作為

Peng Zhen's Roles and Activities in the Rectification and the Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957

鍾延麟(Yen-Lin Chung)

《人文及社會科學集刊》 26卷2期 (2014/06) Pp. 247-292

摘要

1957年春，毛澤東發起整風運動，其原先規劃對黨內進行整頓與革新，但是到後來卻加入了「反右派」的議程，使得運動演變成對黨內外敢言人士的大肆討伐和追查。當時擔任中共中央政治局委員、中央書記處書記兼北京市委第一書記、市長的彭真，在其中的政治角色和影響問題，西方學者雖早已注意，但研究過淺並認識有誤；中國大陸官方史家則對之不敢細談和深究。本文以近年蒐集的各類文獻資料為基礎，經過考察後指出：彭真雖非中央政治局常委會的成員，但他深受層峰信賴而參與運動各階段的政策制定。彭真因身任中央書記處第二號書記，直接肩挑運動相關政策如「引蛇出洞」的執行，他對自身分工負責的領域如統戰和政法部門的「反右」操作上，更是獨當一面。與此同時，彭真又因擔任首都北京市的最高黨政負責人，直接掌控當地的運動發展。在他的努力下，北京市的運動作法和經驗，常成為其他省市參照模仿的對象。彭真對運動所作的兩層次（中央和北京市）、多面向的參與，使之成為運動的實際操辦者和運動激化發展的重要關係人。在運動中的高層菁英互動方面，除了可見彭真對毛澤東的悉心跟隨和力爭表現，也可觀察彭真和鄧小平為貫徹運動決策的緊密合作。最後，透過彭真的此一個案研究，還可有助於進一步地認識和了解中共的政治運動，特別是藉之檢視在運動過程中承上啟下、職司執行的「督導人」的相關角色。

關鍵字

彭真 ； 整風運動 ； 反右派鬥爭 ； 毛澤東 ； 中共黨史

並列摘要

In the spring of 1957, Mao Zedong launched the Rectification Campaign. Initially, this campaign aimed at rectifying certain shortcomings of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). However, it soon became a political purge in which outspoken individuals were hunted out and labeled Rightists. During this notorious campaign, Peng Zhen was one of the most influential political figures. As a senior member of the Politburo of the CCP and the second-ranking leader of the Central Secretariat, Peng Zhen actively participated in decision-making and zealously assisted Deng Xiaoping in carrying out the campaign policies such as ＂luring out the snakes.＂ As the Central leader who took charge of political-legal affairs and united front works, Peng was responsible for the radical campaign development in these two fields. Furthermore, Peng concurrently served as the Party Secretary of the Beijing Municipal Committee. He was in charge of directing and supervising the campaign of Beijing city, and was eager to promote the campaign experiences of the nation’s capital as an example for emulation throughout the rest of the country. To sum up, Peng contributed much to escalating and radicalizing the campaign, and driving it forward excessively. Regarding the elite politics during the campaign, Peng was Mao’s trusted follower to implement his political initiatives, and he cooperated well with Deng to accomplish the campaign. This study also enhances the understanding of the political campaigns led by the CCP, and particularly the crucial role of the campaign executor.

並列關鍵字

Peng Zhen ； Rectification Campaign ； Anti-Rightist Struggle ； Mao Zedong ； Chinese Communist Party History

參考文獻

丁抒(1995)。陽謀：「反右」前後。香港=Hong Kong:九十年代雜誌社=90's Magazine Company。

丁抒(2006)。陽謀：反右派運動始末。香港=Hong Kong:開放雜誌社=Open Magazine Company。

人民日報 1957 〈在第一屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議上的發言：我憤恨、我控訴！—吳晗的發言〉。人民日報，7 月7 日，第4 版。(People's Daily, 1957, “Speeches in the Fourth Session of the 1st National People's Congress: I Anger, I Accuse!—Speech by Wu Han,”People's Daily, July 7, p. 4.)

人民日報 1957 〈在第一屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議上的發言：堅決打垮右派分子的猖狂進攻！—程潛的發言〉。人民日報，7 月9 日，第3 版。(People's Daily, 1957, “Speeches in the Fourth Session of the 1st National People's Congress: Resolutely Defeating the Attack by Rightists!—Speech by Cheng Qian,” People's Daily, July 9, p. 3.)

人民日報 1957 〈在第一屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議上的發言：旭日的萬丈光芒照射出陰雲裏的魑魅魍魎—唐生智的發言〉。人民日報，7 月12 日，第9 版。(People's Daily, 1957, “Speeches in the Fourth Session of the 1st National People's Congress: The Utmost Glory Reflects the Ghosts in Dark Clouds—Speech by Tang Sheng-zhi,” People's Daily, July 12, p. 9.)