- 期刊
- OpenAccess
美國聯邦政府保護揭弊公務員之制度與發展
The Development of Whistleblower Protection for Federal Employees in the United States
摘要
公務員揭發弊端（簡稱揭弊）在確保政府作為的公平與正義上，扮演著重要角色。自一九七○年代初期以來，美國聯邦政府（特別是國會）將之視為對抗弊端的手段之一，持續立（修）法鼓勵公、私部門組織成員揭弊，並保護免於僱主的報復。在公共人事行政領域，一九七八年「文官制度改革法」建立鼓勵及保護公務員揭弊的基本架構，但因為成效欠佳，一九八九年「揭發弊端者保護法」及一九九四年「特別檢察官辦公室重授權法」予以補強。制度建立以來，儘管無法獲得多數公務員的信任，但整體而言，係在進步當中。此外，在研究過程中發現，人事政策的價值衝突、執行者的認知與態度、公務員對救濟權的掌控、司法及準司法機關對法律的解釋、及公民社會的支持等因素，影響美國聯邦政府保護揭弊公務員制度的成效與發展。
並列摘要
Whistleblowers within a government play an important role in helping the government to ensure justice. Since the early 1970's, the U.S. Federal Government, and in particular Congress, has been using whistleblowing as a means to fighting corruption. Laws encouraging whistleblowing and protecting whistleblowers in both the public and private sectors from employer retaliation have been enacted or amended. In the field of public personnel administration, the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 established a basic framework of whistleblower protection. However, the Act was so deficient, that the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 and the Office of Special Counsel Reauthorization Act of 1994 were subsequently passed to improve it. Although most government employees do not repose confidence in these whistleblower laws, the overall improvements made in whistleblower protection cannot be denied. In this article, the author points out several factors that may have influenced the effect and development of the institution of whistleblower protection in the United States. They are conflicting values in the personnel policy, administrator understanding of and attitude towards whistleblower protection policy, whistleblower's rights during the appeal process, the judicial and quasi-judicial systems' interpretation of the laws, and the support from society.