德意志獨特道路的回聲？－關於中國「反民權的國族主義」

近年來在中國大陸的思想界，某種把「西方式」民權主義打成異己的國族主義話語，已有相當程度的發展。此種「反民權的國族主義」言說，把「西方式」民權主義相對化、他者化爲外於中國，而且是中國必須拒斥的西方價值、西方污染。本文引入十九世紀德意志國族主義思想，及所謂的「德意志獨特道路」以作爲中國的借鏡。形成於十九世紀初的德意志國族主義，不但正是一種反西方、反民權的國族主義，而且正是此種（西方）國族主義範式的始作俑者。在第二帝國時期，反西方、反民權的國族主義正是佔統治地位的「德意志意識型態」。本文論證指出：無論是昔日德意志的原版，還是今日中國的再版，此類反西方、反民權、國權至上的國族主義言說皆值得商榷。其危險在於：助長內政的集權化、國權的不斷上綱，阻礙漸進的民權主義改革，進而在危機時刻失控，爲之付出沉重的代價。此外，其以「霸道的西方」（不受制約的國權與國族主義）壓制「爭民權的西方」的言說傾向，也很難自圓其說。本文以昔日德國作爲今日中國的前車之鑑，並反思其意義，以期避免馬克思所謂「鬧劇」的重演。

關鍵字

中國；國族主義；民權；西方；德國

並列摘要

In the late nineteenth century German conservatives came to advocate and celebrate what they called the German Sonderweg (special path). This ideologically laden phrase identified the uniquely all-powerful German state as the key to Germany's extraordinary rise. Correspondingly, the idea of equal citizenship rights was condemned as ”Western” pollution or even ”enemy of the empire.” This paper, drawing on nineteenth-century German nationalism as a point of reference, reflects critically upon the current talks of the ”Chinese model” or ”Chinese road” and its ”uniqueness.” At the heart of the latter is, as will be argued, a species of ”nationalism against citizenship rights” which shares important characteristics with the original German version. The danger with such nationalism is, all too similarly, that it lends support to unrestrained state power and its continuing repression of legitimate claims of citizenship rights. Herein lay the seeds of a major social and political crisis which might result in an ever more regressive state-nationalist regime in China. For all its ”anti-West” overtones, the Chinese version of ”nationalism against citizenship rights” comes dangerously close to the erstwhile German one. In rejecting citizenship rights as part and parcel of ”Western modernity,” so to speak, it endorses a full-blooded ”Western” model of ”modernistic” reactionary state-nationalism.