全球化下的工作終結？台灣工業到服務業勞動轉化之考察

The End of Works under Globalization? An Investigation of Labor Transformation from Industry to Service Industry in Taiwan

馬財專(Tsai-Chuan Ma) ； 李彥樺(Yen-Hua Lee)

《東吳社會學報》 21期 (2007/04) Pp. 123-151

https://doi.org/10.6417/SJS.200704.0123

摘要

社會變遷促使許多國家的產業結構從農、工部門迅速的轉化，逐漸走向服務業的進程。在後工業化時期的論述，不論是從Beck(1998)所談述的「無工作資本主義」、Rifkin(1995)「工作的終結」及Mishra(1999)「服務業就業機會的消失」，皆認爲科技全球化使得現代社會的工作與就業機會逐漸消逝，這些說法最終都指向全球化效應造成當代的勞工困境―所得下降、收入不均、及高失業率。本文認爲此論述必須透過各國產業與就業趨勢的檢視才能宣稱其普遍性。爲了考察此現象的發展，本文運用了主計處人力資源調查的次級資料分析，進一步檢視台灣產業就業消長趨勢來檢證上述討論。本文發現就長期而言，台灣產業變革使得就業人數呈現增加趨勢，惟各產業的就業趨勢呈顯不同走向。農林漁牧業就業人口明顯下降，工業近年呈平緩下降及服務業爲逐步成長的趨勢，整體就業人數的成長主要是來自於服務業，若例別檢視工業與服務業，則可發現工業就業人數的變動主要受製造業、營造業所影響。而服務業中亦存在個別產業變遷差異，公共行政、不動產及租賃、教育服務等行業的就業年成長率在近兩年有較明顯的成長。此外，從失業狀態、核心及非典型勞動發展趨勢的檢視皆無法驗證出台灣有上述論述的發展跡象。透過各層面次級資料的考察，本文指出「科技全球化使得工作與就業機會逐漸消逝」此論述之普遍性仍是一個待解的問題。隨著國家進程上的差異，這些類型化概念的指稱仍有其調整的空間。

關鍵字

全球化 ； 產業變遷 ； 就業 ； 工業 ； 服務業

並列摘要

Social change enhances the rapid transformation of industrial structure from agriculture to industries in many countries. The discourse of post-industry, from Beck's (1998) Jobless capitalism' Rifkin's (1995) The End of Work' and Mishra's (1999) The disappearance of opportunities in Services', which indicated the technical globalization promotes the decline of jobs and employment opportunities. Those illustrations indicated the obstacles of labors-the decline of salary, the unfair of incomes and high unemployment. We acknowledge the illustration only suit for use a little countries and the claim of universality has to general examination from different countries. To depend on the secondary data of investigation in DEGABS (Executive Yuan), we examined the decline of Taiwan's industrial employment. We explore the increasing of employment in Taiwan and find out the different development in diverse industries. The rapid decline of agricultural sector and the slow decline appear in recent years. However the increasing of services sector creates the most of employments in labor market. By way of the individual examination of industries and services, we can find the change of employments in industries and services which is important influential factor in manufacturing and construction industry. The increasing of services sector shows in public administration, real estate, rental and educational services in recent two years, From the above discussion, we point out the question of ”the vanishing of opportunities under the technical globalization”. The discussion should be followed up the different development of countries, the discourse of typology still exist the adjustable vacancy.

並列關鍵字

globalization ； industrial change ； employment ； industries ； services

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