全民國防教育的地方治理－以南投縣全民國防走入鄉里活動為例

全民國防走入鄉里活動是國防部2019年策辦的新形態國防教育政策，目的在於將全民國防意識輸送至社會各個「地方」。然而，這類活動雖然立意甚佳卻可能對於國防意識的深根難有立竿見影之效。質言之，任何教育都是一種需要投注時間且持續反覆的長期性活動。其中，對於受教者（鄉里民眾）而言，施教者（主管機關）的活動設計是不是能「因地施教」，過去少有研究探討。所幸，走入鄉里活動自開辦以來於南投縣總共辦理二次，其中有不少地方組織團體與地方仕紳共襄盛舉，因此具備豐富的國防教育地方治理研究素材。本研究透過國防教育地方活動參與者的深度訪談，探討以下問題：一、地方民眾對於參與「全民國防走入鄉里」活動的需求為何？二、他們的參與動機何在？主管機關應透過何種制度性誘因，促進參與意願？三、地方適宜的全民國防教育地方參與模式為何？研究顯示：一、辦理時機配合地方節慶活動、活動規劃依地方民情制宜、強化宣傳力度等作為，可適度回應地方參與需求。二、誘因機制設計並非以全然滿足地方民眾參與的經濟誘因（傳統的摸彩、獎品、有獎徵答）為主，仍需重視非經濟誘因以及主管機關之全民國防教育永續發展目標，唯有將民眾與政府的利益目標趨於一致，方能有效降低參與成本提高政策效益。三、地方允宜的參與模式應為志工模式、跨域協力模式、提案模式以及公民參與公共決策模式等四端，透過將民眾拉到參與政策過程的最前端，可由下而上地促進「全民國防－全民參與」目標。

關鍵字

全民國防教育；地方治理；跨域；公民參與

並列摘要

The all-out defense education reach out event- rural Area is a new form of all-out defense education policy planned by the Ministry of National Defense in 2019. The purpose is to transmit all-out defense awareness to all "local places" in society. However, although this kind of activity is very well-intentioned, it may not have an immediate effect on the deepening of all-out defense awareness. In short, education is a long-term activity that requires time and continuous repetition. For the educatee, whether the educator's educational design is appropriate or not? It has rarely been studied in the past. Fortunately, since its inception, the "All-out Defense Education Reach Out Event- Rural Area" has been held twice in Nantou County. Many local organizations and local gentry participated in the grand event, so it also has a wealth of research materials for all-out defense education and local governance. Through depth interviews with participants of all-out defense education local activities, this study explores the following questions: 1. What are the local views on participating in the " All-out Defense Education Reach Out Event- Rural Area "? 2. What are the local motivations for participating in all-out defense education? What institutional incentives should the competent authority use to promote local willingness to participate? 3. What's the local attitude towards participation in all-out defense education policy? The study shows: 1. The combination of all-out defense education and local activities can increase the number and willingness of participants and reduce the cost of participation; the design and planning of activities should combine local political, economic and social characteristics, and adjust measures according to local conditions, in order to effectively exert the educational effect. 2. The design of the incentive mechanism is not based on the incentive factors that fully satisfy the participation of the local people. It is still necessary to pay attention to the sustainable development goals of all-out defense education of the competent authorities. When the interests of the people and the government are aligned, the cost of participation can be reduced and the policy benefit be improved. 3. The willingness of citizens to participate in local defense education policies is high, so the appropriate participation model should be "citizen participation in public decision-making". By pulling the public to the forefront of the policy process, the goal of "All-out defense - National participation" can be promoted from the bottom up.