全球化與地緣政治下之法國都會治理

Urban Governance of France with a Globalization and Geopolitics Perspectives

吳志中(Chih-Chung Wu)

《東吳政治學報》 33卷3期 (2015/09) Pp. 75-150

摘要

都會治理是二十一世紀人類社會裡所必須處理的嚴肅課題。在這個新世界裡，全球化是一個趨勢，其特徵則是邊界的消失。但是，在舊邊界與障礙消失的同時，新的邊界也在被建立當中。進入二十一世紀，這些世界級都會正在持續增加當中。人口從千萬起跳的城市，如東京、紐約、巴黎的超級都會已經越來越多。城市的興起，使得大都會的影響力已經不再侷限於傳統的國家邊界，而成為全球化世界的新角色扮演者。以法國為例，其都會形成與世界各地類似的各式各樣城市問題。法國的都會治理基本上由三個支柱所組成，首先是地方政府，其次是中央政府的城市政策，最後是地方合作的治理政策。在其中，有很多概念是政府治權邊界的移動與重新定義，除了地方政府進行整合，也重新劃分其管轄的邊界範圍。中央政府進行補助的政策時，其對象也不是以城市為單位，而是根據各地區發展程度所劃出之敏感地區或者優先地區。在地方架構的合作，更規劃出透過合作而產生更多資源的都會概念，這些都是地緣政治所強調，邊界概念的重新調整。因此，在全球化趨勢的背景之下，本文將以地緣政治邊界規劃之概念，探討法國所面對之都會治理課題。

關鍵字

都會治理 ； 地方自治 ； 城市政策 ； 地緣政治 ； 分權政策

並列摘要

Urban governance is a serious challenge that human society needs to deal with in the twenty-first century. In the twenty-first century, there is a movement towards globalization, and some political frontiers are disappearing. However, certain new frontiers are also being established at the same time. For example, more and more mega cities are emerging. Those metropolitan areas, like Tokyo, New York, Paris, all have more than ten million residents and are known by everyone on earth. The city itself is a new player in the world and often has more influence than the traditional state. The problem is under the Westphalia international social structure, local governments still need to work with the central power. The example of France is informative. France has a powerful central government and has some big cities like Paris, but it also must deal with a lot of middle size urban authorities. The urban governance of France is supported by three pillars. The first one is local government, the second one is the city policy of the central government, and the third one is local cooperation and integration. In this new conception, frontiers are moving, and resources are being shared. This article aims to study the urban governance of France, in considering the new concept of the metropolis of France which is being created in 2015 and 2016, by studying the cases of Paris, Lyon and Marseille, hoping to understand better this new policy.

並列關鍵字

Urban governance ； local government ； city policy ； geopolitics ； decentralization

參考文獻

Association des Maires. 2014. “Adoption de la loi de programmation pour la ville et la cohésion urbaine (Adoption of Programming Law for the City and Urban Cohesion).” in http://www.ville-et-banlieue.org/le-13-fevrier-2014-adoption-de-la-loi-de-programmation-pour-la-ville-et-la-cohesion-urbaine-2-8154.html. Latest update 1 December 2014.

Avril, P.(1998).Le parlementarisme rationalisé.Paris:Revue de droit parlementaire numero special.

Ban, Ki-Moon. 2014. “Journée mondiale des villes: les villes doivent contribuer au développement durable – ONU (World Day of Cities: Cities must Contribute to Sustainable Development).” in http://www.un.org/apps/newsFr/storyF.asp?NewsID=33636#.VGnZBPmUdAt. Latest update 20 December 2014.

Baguenard, Jacques(2002).La Décentralisation.Paris:Presses Universitaires de France.

Bechtel, Marie-Françoise. 2014. “Les élites françaises ont honte de la France. Marianne.” in http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/jolemanique/190114/les-elites-francaises-ont-honte-de-la-france. Latest update1 November 2014. (Bechtel, Marie-Françoise. 2014. “The French Elites Feel Shame of France. Marianne.” in http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/jolemanique/190114/les-elites-francaises-ont-honte-de-la-france. Latest update 1 November 2014.)