論離婚後父母對未成年子女權利義務之行使負擔：美國法上子女最佳利益原則的發展與努力方向

Resolving Child Custody Disputes after Divorce-The Development of the Best Interest of the Child Doctrine in America

李立如(Li-Ju Lee)

《歐美研究》 40卷3期 (2010/09) Pp. 779-828

摘要

本文旨在討論「子女最佳利益原則」於處理離婚後父母對未成年子女權利義務行使負擔之爭議時所面臨的困境，並探究美國學界與實務界對此所做的回應與未來的發展方向。子女最佳利益原則確立以來，由於內涵不夠具體明確，引發了種種批評及實務運作上的困難。因此，近年來美國實務界嘗試尋找各種替代標準。本文討論上述發展，分析各個替代原則的利弊得失，並論及程序面上為落實子女最佳利益原則所進行的制度設計與運作。作者認為，多元程序的建立及司法者角色的重新塑造應是未來努力方向。

關鍵字

子女最佳利益 ； 友善父母條款 ； 共同監護 ； 主要照顧者原則 ； 過去照顧模式

並列摘要

The problem of child custody after divorce is one of the most important yet difficult issues in American family law. Since the 1970s, the ＂Best Interest of the Child＂ doctrine has been guiding courts in determining custody cases in the United States. The BIC doctrine is reflective of social and legal commitments to promote the welfare of children. However, the BIC doctrine is criticized heavily for being vague, and thereby permitting arbitrary judicial decisions in the name of the interests of the children. Discontent with the BIC doctrine, the American legal community has begun looking for another test to clarify or even replace the troubled doctrine. This essay argues that the proposed alternative tests do not live up to expectations because they fail to resolve the problem of vagueness while raising still more questions regarding the interests of the child. The essay also suggests that an effort to build a court-centered mechanism, with various procedures and services, would seem to be a more plausible approach.

並列關鍵字

the best interest of the child ； friendly parent provision ； joint custody ； primary caretaker preference ； past caretaking standard

參考文獻

李宏文(2003)。論子女最佳利益原則。台北大學法學系=Department of Law, National Taipei University。

沈冠伶(2006)。親權及交付子女事件之外國裁判的承認及執行與「未成年子女最佳利益保護」原則。台灣本土法學雜誌。84，94-105。

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