海德格的「現象學方法概念」再探

馬丁•海德格(Martin Heidegger)在現象學哲學的發展歷程上曾扮演著重要的角色，而且他自已也借助於現象學方法的理解與運用，實施開拓出一套極具創意且影響深遠的哲學思考。然而他的兩部較爲人熟知的現象學著作：《存有與時間》和《現象學諸基本問題》，卻都是未完成的作品，因此他真正認定的現象學方法及「現象」概念究竟爲何，始終欠缺一個完全明初的答案。本文意在追溯海德格最早期對於現象學方法概念的認知，因此依據近年來出版的海氏全集資料，即從1919年起的大學授課講稿別尋線索，以澄清這個疑問。文章中特別注意的要點放置在現象學方法的三項基底：還原、建構、拆解，以及合成一現象之充分意義的三層面：關涉、內蘊、履行完成上。如此探討，不僅讓我們更瞭解海德格最早期關於存有問題的提出，同時也相當程度地說明他的整體思想之進行特色。

關鍵字

海德格；現象；現象學；現象學方法；存有問題；詮釋學

並列摘要

Martin Heidegger has played an important role in the development of the early phenomenological movement, and he has built up a very original doctrine with the help of the phenomenological method. But his two well known phenomenological works ”Sein und Zen” and ”Grundfrage der Phänomenologie” are both uncompleted, therefore we don't know quite sure what he had in mind when he used the method of phenomenology and how he understood the concept of a phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to retrospect the earlier conceptions of the phenomenological method by him and to make clear what he thought about when he used the term ”phenomenon” and when he said that the phenomenon par excellence is Being. In this paper we will look into the newly-published university lectures of Heidegger from 1919 to 1928, and the most important things in them should be the three foundations of the phenomenological method; Reduktion, Konstruktion and Destruktion, as well as the three aspects of the whole meaning of a phenomenon; Bezugssinn, Gehaltssinn and Vollzugssinn. In doing so we shall understand better his question about the meaning of the Being and what is characteristic for him in his long way of thinking.